Bioinspired Suction-Cup Architecture Modulates Hydration and Pomegranate-Extract Release from NVP/HEMA/CMC Hydrogels.
- 1Biopolymer Group, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
- 2Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center (CosNat), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
Abstract
Surface architecture may tune hydrogel transport without changing formulation. Flat and suction-cup N-vinylpyrrolidone/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/carboxymethyl cellulose (NVP/HEMA/CMC) hydrogels prepared from the same nominal formulation were compared for hydration, equilibrium water content, pomegranate-extract uptake, and 60 min release. Suction-cup hydrogels showed greater short-term swelling (38.7 ± 0.7%) than flat hydrogels (31.4 ± 0.6%), a 23.1% increase, while equilibrium water contents remained similar. Apparent extract uptake, estimated from loading-solution depletion, was 20.45 and 15.74 mg/g hydrated hydrogel for suction-cup and flat formats, respectively. After 60 min, cumulative apparent pomegranate-extract-equivalent release was 6.976 ± 0.681 and 4.208 ± 0.354 mg, respectively, representing a 65.8% increase. These values corresponded to approximately 17.6% and 15.2% of estimated initial loadings. Indirect-extract testing showed minimum viabilities of 86.24% for HaCaT cells and 71.01% for human dermal fibroblasts, exceeding the 70% ISO 10993-5 criterion. Overall, suction-cup architecture increased early swelling, estimated uptake, and cumulative release without altering formulation. Although the individual contributions of surface area, local thickness, liquid retention, and diffusion paths could not be separated, the results demonstrate that architectural modification can enhance early hydration and extract uptake and release while preserving the hydrogel formulation.
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BibTeX
@article{chiaoprakobkij2026bioinspired,
title = {{Bioinspired Suction-Cup Architecture Modulates Hydration and Pomegranate-Extract Release from NVP/HEMA/CMC Hydrogels.}},
author = {Nadda Chiaoprakobkij and Wasipim Chansiriwat and Wisanee Wisanwattana and Neti Waranuch and Thanyaporn Pinthong and Sukunya Ross and Jarupa Viyoch and Gareth Ross},
journal = {Gels (Basel, Switzerland)},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.3390/gels12100860},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929895},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Bioinspired Suction-Cup Architecture Modulates Hydration and Pomegranate-Extract Release from NVP/HEMA/CMC Hydrogels.
AU - Nadda Chiaoprakobkij
AU - Wasipim Chansiriwat
AU - Wisanee Wisanwattana
AU - Neti Waranuch
AU - Thanyaporn Pinthong
AU - Sukunya Ross
AU - Jarupa Viyoch
AU - Gareth Ross
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/24
JO - Gels (Basel, Switzerland)
DO - 10.3390/gels12100860
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929895
AB - Surface architecture may tune hydrogel transport without changing formulation. Flat and suction-cup N-vinylpyrrolidone/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/carboxymethyl cellulose (NVP/HEMA/CMC) hydrogels prepared from the same nominal formulation were compared for hydration, equilibrium water content, pomegranate-extract uptake, and 60 min release. Suction-cup hydrogels showed greater short-term swelling (38.7 ± 0.7%) than flat hydrogels (31.4 ± 0.6%), a 23.1% increase, while equilibrium water contents remained similar. Apparent extract uptake, estimated from loading-solution depletion, was 20.45 and 15.74 mg/g hydrated hydrogel for suction-cup and flat formats, respectively. After 60 min, cumulative apparent pomegranate-extract-equivalent release was 6.976 ± 0.681 and 4.208 ± 0.354 mg, respectively, representing a 65.8% increase. These values corresponded to approximately 17.6% and 15.2% of estimated initial loadings. Indirect-extract testing showed minimum viabilities of 86.24% for HaCaT cells and 71.01% for human dermal fibroblasts, exceeding the 70% ISO 10993-5 criterion. Overall, suction-cup architecture increased early swelling, estimated uptake, and cumulative release without altering formulation. Although the individual contributions of surface area, local thickness, liquid retention, and diffusion paths could not be separated, the results demonstrate that architectural modification can enhance early hydration and extract uptake and release while preserving the hydrogel formulation.
SN - 2310-2861
ER -