Particle settling in turbidity currents: concentration-gradient-driven biased sampling
Abstract
We investigate the mechanisms governing particle settling in turbidity currents using Eulerianunicodex2013Lagrangian direct numerical simulations. The Eulerian carrier flow is driven either by solutal buoyancy or particle feedback, with the Lagrangian phase comprising passive tracers or inertial particles, respectively. The effective particle settling velocity is decomposed into a fluid velocity sampled at particle positions and a particle-fluid slip velocity. The Eulerian mean profiles of these velocities are obtained using a concentration-weighted average of the coarse-grained fields. The mean sampled fluid velocity is shown to be approximately equal to the ratio of the vertical turbulent flux of particles to their mean concentration and reflects biased sampling of upward turbulent fluctuations at particle positions, despite the zero Eulerian mean vertical fluid velocity. The passive-tracer cases show that the upward bias does not require particle inertia and arises from turbulent transport acting on concentration gradients, as it persists for inhomogeneous tracer seeding but disappears under uniform seeding. For the weakly inertial regime considered here, the upward bias dominates downward-directed biases associated with particle inertia. The mean slip velocity is well approximated by the terminal settling velocity predicted for a quiescent fluid. This is consistent with a leading-order balance between buoyancy and drag in the slope-normal direction. Modelling the sampled fluid velocity from the turbulent flux and using the slip-velocity approximation yield an Eulerian prediction for the settling velocity, in good agreement with the simulation data for the dilute, weakly inertial particles considered.
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BibTeX
@misc{cui2026particle,
title = {{Particle settling in turbidity currents: concentration-gradient-driven biased sampling}},
author = {Lianzheng Cui and Eric Climent and Graham O. Hughes and Maarten van Reeuwijk},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2606.08241},
eprint = {2606.08241},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.08241},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Particle settling in turbidity currents: concentration-gradient-driven biased sampling
AU - Lianzheng Cui
AU - Eric Climent
AU - Graham O. Hughes
AU - Maarten van Reeuwijk
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/18
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2606.08241
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.08241
AB - We investigate the mechanisms governing particle settling in turbidity currents using Eulerianunicodex2013Lagrangian direct numerical simulations. The Eulerian carrier flow is driven either by solutal buoyancy or particle feedback, with the Lagrangian phase comprising passive tracers or inertial particles, respectively. The effective particle settling velocity is decomposed into a fluid velocity sampled at particle positions and a particle-fluid slip velocity. The Eulerian mean profiles of these velocities are obtained using a concentration-weighted average of the coarse-grained fields. The mean sampled fluid velocity is shown to be approximately equal to the ratio of the vertical turbulent flux of particles to their mean concentration and reflects biased sampling of upward turbulent fluctuations at particle positions, despite the zero Eulerian mean vertical fluid velocity. The passive-tracer cases show that the upward bias does not require particle inertia and arises from turbulent transport acting on concentration gradients, as it persists for inhomogeneous tracer seeding but disappears under uniform seeding. For the weakly inertial regime considered here, the upward bias dominates downward-directed biases associated with particle inertia. The mean slip velocity is well approximated by the terminal settling velocity predicted for a quiescent fluid. This is consistent with a leading-order balance between buoyancy and drag in the slope-normal direction. Modelling the sampled fluid velocity from the turbulent flux and using the slip-velocity approximation yield an Eulerian prediction for the settling velocity, in good agreement with the simulation data for the dilute, weakly inertial particles considered.
ER -