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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0ACS Omega

Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes with 5-Phenylvaleryl, Pentadecanoyl, and Adipoyl Chloride: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Surface Analysis Toward Biomarker Sensing

  • Ashley Galanti1
  • Amin Trabelsi1
  • Ryan Maynard2
  • Maximo Reyes1
  • Ramaraja Ramasamy1
  • Mark Haidekker1
  1. 1University of Georgia , , , ,
  2. 2Brenau University , , , ,
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Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were covalently modified with aromatic (5-phenylvaleryl, 5PC), long-chain aliphatic (pentadecanoyl, PDC), and oxygen-rich/carboxylated (adipoyl, ACC) chemistries to create a tunable surface interface for detecting volatile and semivolatile chemical biomarkers. Following oxidative activation, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) amination, and acyl-chloride coupling, successful attachment and differentiation of linker classes were evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and C KLL Auger analysis. Distinct spectroscopic fingerprints corresponding to aromatic, aliphatic, and oxygenated functionalities were resolved despite the intrinsically carbon-rich substrate. These orthogonal signatures provide a compact quality-control strategy for CNT functionalization and establish a framework for correlating surface chemistry with predicted analyte interactions, including aromatic interactions, nonpolar adsorption, and acid–base or hydrogen-bond pairing. This surface chemistry palette is intended to enable flexible CNT-based sensor arrays for noninvasive monitoring of clinically relevant biomarkers, including ketones associated with diabetes, nitrogen-containing species linked to chronic kidney disease, and volatile compounds implicated in preictal seizure states. Sensor-level performance was not evaluated in the present study and is the subject of ongoing device work.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{galanti2026functionalization,
  title = {{Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes with 5-Phenylvaleryl, Pentadecanoyl, and Adipoyl Chloride: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Surface Analysis Toward Biomarker Sensing}},
  author = {Ashley Galanti and Amin Trabelsi and Ryan Maynard and Maximo Reyes and Ramaraja Ramasamy and Mark Haidekker},
  journal = {ACS Omega},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1021/acsomega.6c06619},
  url = {https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c06619/5460520/Functionalization-of-Carbon-Nanotubes-with-5},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes with 5-Phenylvaleryl, Pentadecanoyl, and Adipoyl Chloride: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Surface Analysis Toward Biomarker Sensing
AU  - Ashley Galanti
AU  - Amin Trabelsi
AU  - Ryan Maynard
AU  - Maximo Reyes
AU  - Ramaraja Ramasamy
AU  - Mark Haidekker
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/29
JO  - ACS Omega
DO  - 10.1021/acsomega.6c06619
UR  - https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c06619/5460520/Functionalization-of-Carbon-Nanotubes-with-5
AB  - Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were covalently modified with aromatic (5-phenylvaleryl, 5PC), long-chain aliphatic (pentadecanoyl, PDC), and oxygen-rich/carboxylated (adipoyl, ACC) chemistries to create a tunable surface interface for detecting volatile and semivolatile chemical biomarkers. Following oxidative activation, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) amination, and acyl-chloride coupling, successful attachment and differentiation of linker classes were evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and C KLL Auger analysis. Distinct spectroscopic fingerprints corresponding to aromatic, aliphatic, and oxygenated functionalities were resolved despite the intrinsically carbon-rich substrate. These orthogonal signatures provide a compact quality-control strategy for CNT functionalization and establish a framework for correlating surface chemistry with predicted analyte interactions, including aromatic interactions, nonpolar adsorption, and acid–base or hydrogen-bond pairing. This surface chemistry palette is intended to enable flexible CNT-based sensor arrays for noninvasive monitoring of clinically relevant biomarkers, including ketones associated with diabetes, nitrogen-containing species linked to chronic kidney disease, and volatile compounds implicated in preictal seizure states. Sensor-level performance was not evaluated in the present study and is the subject of ongoing device work.
SN  - 2470-1343
ER  -