Glassy dynamics of metropolitan human mobility frozen near the gravitational equilibrium
Abstract
This research establishes a connection between macroscopic urban commuting flows and thermal equilibrium. Using mobility data from around 30 million records across six Japanese cities over one year, we introduce the Gravity-based Home Swapping Model (GHSM). This model applies Metropolis dynamics to urban commuting by treating individuals as interacting particles. Within this framework, total commuting time dictates the system energy, and temperature controls how strongly mobility responds to cost savings. Consequently, urban commuting can be analyzed through an evaluable free energy and simulated similarly to physical systems of matter. The maximumentropy doubly constrained gravity model serves as the stationary state. We find that the residential dynamics exhibit glassy characteristics. Through calibration to observed data, we reveal that the system demonstrates signatures of kinetically constrained models, specifically ageing, hysteresis, and freezing near equilibrium. Simulations initialized from arbitrary states converge to empirical origin-destination matrices. This demonstrates that minimal physical mechanisms can reconstruct complex urban realities.
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BibTeX
@misc{zheng2026glassy,
title = {{Glassy dynamics of metropolitan human mobility frozen near the gravitational equilibrium}},
author = {Yixuan Y. Zheng and Hideki Takayasu and Misako Takayasu},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.29057},
eprint = {2609.29057},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.29057},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Glassy dynamics of metropolitan human mobility frozen near the gravitational equilibrium
AU - Yixuan Y. Zheng
AU - Hideki Takayasu
AU - Misako Takayasu
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/24
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.29057
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.29057
AB - This research establishes a connection between macroscopic urban commuting flows and thermal equilibrium. Using mobility data from around 30 million records across six Japanese cities over one year, we introduce the Gravity-based Home Swapping Model (GHSM). This model applies Metropolis dynamics to urban commuting by treating individuals as interacting particles. Within this framework, total commuting time dictates the system energy, and temperature controls how strongly mobility responds to cost savings. Consequently, urban commuting can be analyzed through an evaluable free energy and simulated similarly to physical systems of matter. The maximumentropy doubly constrained gravity model serves as the stationary state. We find that the residential dynamics exhibit glassy characteristics. Through calibration to observed data, we reveal that the system demonstrates signatures of kinetically constrained models, specifically ageing, hysteresis, and freezing near equilibrium. Simulations initialized from arbitrary states converge to empirical origin-destination matrices. This demonstrates that minimal physical mechanisms can reconstruct complex urban realities.
ER -