Design and optimization of a 3D electro-photocatalytic digital-baffle reactor for enhanced copper removal from produced water using Ag₂O/bentonite composite electrodes
5 affiliations
- 1Department of Gas Processes and Petrochemicals Engineering, College of Oil and Gas Engineering, Basrah University for Oil and Gas, Basrah, Iraq
- 2Department of Chemical and Petroleum Industries Technologies Engineering, Technical Engineering College Mosul, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq
- 3Chemical Department, College of Engineering, University of Muthanna, Muthanna, Iraq
- 4Shatt Al-Arab University College, Basra, Iraq
- 5Chemical Department, College of Engineering, University of Muthanna, Muthanna, Iraq; College of Engineering, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah, Iraq; Corresponding author at: Chemical Department, College of Engineering, University of Muthanna, Muthanna, Iraq.
Abstract
In this work, an advanced three-dimensional electro-photocatalytic oxidation design was developed by combining a nanocomposite of bentonite and silver oxide by precipitation methods within a novel-designed digital-baffle batch photo-electrochemical oxidation reactor. The nanocomposite was prepared by precipitation technique and subsequently characterized using FE-SEM, FTIR, BET, XRD, DRS, and EDS measurements, confirming the successful deposition of silver oxide onto the nano clay surface and the production of a nanocomposite with physicochemical properties that were used as three-dimensional particle electrodes to intensify electro- and photooxidation. The effect of key working variables, including solution pH, oxidation time, nanocomposite amount, and temperature by Box–Behnken design, with high copper removal 99.7, 82.4%, and 66.7% at pH 9, 0.5 g nanocomposite amount, 30 min, and 55 °C.Three-dimensional electro-photocatalytic (3D-EPCO) was compared with photo catalytic (PCO) and catalytic oxidation (CO), respectively, for copper removal in produced water, with the following first-order kinetic oxidation for reactive oxidants with copper ions in produced water (PW). Statistical analysis recognized excellent agreement between experimental and predicted responses. These results prove that the proposed combined design signifies a highly efficient, ecologically sustainable, and scalable technology for copper removal in produced water and suggest a promising strategy for next-generation manufacturing wastewater remediation.
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BibTeX
@article{kadhim2026design,
title = {{Design and optimization of a 3D electro-photocatalytic digital-baffle reactor for enhanced copper removal from produced water using Ag₂O/bentonite composite electrodes}},
author = {Umalbaneen A. Kadhim and Haider Ismael Ibrahim and Ahmed Baqer Abdullah and Sabreen Abdulrazaq Abood and Ali A. Hassan and Ali Samir},
journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1016/j.dwt.2026.102003},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2026.102003},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Design and optimization of a 3D electro-photocatalytic digital-baffle reactor for enhanced copper removal from produced water using Ag₂O/bentonite composite electrodes
AU - Umalbaneen A. Kadhim
AU - Haider Ismael Ibrahim
AU - Ahmed Baqer Abdullah
AU - Sabreen Abdulrazaq Abood
AU - Ali A. Hassan
AU - Ali Samir
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/26
JO - Desalination and Water Treatment
DO - 10.1016/j.dwt.2026.102003
UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2026.102003
AB - In this work, an advanced three-dimensional electro-photocatalytic oxidation design was developed by combining a nanocomposite of bentonite and silver oxide by precipitation methods within a novel-designed digital-baffle batch photo-electrochemical oxidation reactor. The nanocomposite was prepared by precipitation technique and subsequently characterized using FE-SEM, FTIR, BET, XRD, DRS, and EDS measurements, confirming the successful deposition of silver oxide onto the nano clay surface and the production of a nanocomposite with physicochemical properties that were used as three-dimensional particle electrodes to intensify electro- and photooxidation. The effect of key working variables, including solution pH, oxidation time, nanocomposite amount, and temperature by Box–Behnken design, with high copper removal 99.7, 82.4%, and 66.7% at pH 9, 0.5 g nanocomposite amount, 30 min, and 55 °C.Three-dimensional electro-photocatalytic (3D-EPCO) was compared with photo catalytic (PCO) and catalytic oxidation (CO), respectively, for copper removal in produced water, with the following first-order kinetic oxidation for reactive oxidants with copper ions in produced water (PW). Statistical analysis recognized excellent agreement between experimental and predicted responses. These results prove that the proposed combined design signifies a highly efficient, ecologically sustainable, and scalable technology for copper removal in produced water and suggest a promising strategy for next-generation manufacturing wastewater remediation.
SN - 1944-3986
SN - 1944-3994
ER -