Development of P^N-Pd(II) Type Complexes Derived from Aliphatic Amines as Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents.
7 affiliations
- 1Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico.
- 2Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad de México 04510, Coyoacán, Mexico.
- 3Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Hermosillo 8300, Sonora, Mexico.
- 4Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora, Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico.
- 5Plataforma de Biología y Química Computacionales, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá City 0843-01103, Panama.
- 6Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
- 7Grupo de Investigación Bioquímicas (GIB), Departamento de Química, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta 470004, Colombia.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The development of new metallodrugs has represented an important milestone in recent years for their potential application in different therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the objective of this study was to synthesize a series of P^N iminophosphine Pd(II) complexes (1Pd-3Pd) incorporating different aliphatic amines. Methods: All complexes were characterized using several spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including ¹H, ¹³C{¹H}, and ³¹P{¹H} NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. In addition, complex 3Pd was unambiguously characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Results: Supramolecular studies allowed the main noncovalent interactions responsible for stabilizing the crystal lattice of complex 3Pd to be identified. These interactions were analyzed using Hirshfeld surface analysis, which revealed that C-H···π and C-H···Cl interactions contributed most significantly to the stabilization of the crystal lattice. All complexes exhibited stability in different solvents and positive lipophilicity values, with complex 3Pd displaying the highest hydrophobicity. Through in vitro studies, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of all complexes were determined against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, as well as fungal strains of Candida species. Complex 3Pd exhibited the highest activity, particularly against L. monocytogenes (1.17 µg/mL), P. aeruginosa (4.68 µg/mL), and all fungal strains (18.75 µg/mL), displaying both bactericidal and fungicidal activity. Furthermore, in silico studies enabled the identification of the potential modes of action of the complexes against different molecular targets present in the bacterial and fungal strains. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the efficacy of the three synthesized complexes against different virulent strains exhibiting resistance to broad-spectrum drugs. Furthermore, the presence of the metal center, together with the incorporation of increasingly longer aliphatic chains, appears to enhance the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the complexes.
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BibTeX
@article{acostaencinas2026development,
title = {{Development of P^N-Pd(II) Type Complexes Derived from Aliphatic Amines as Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents.}},
author = {Michelle Acosta-Encinas and Andrés Amaya-Flórez and Jordi R Galindo and Simón Hernández-Ortega and Maritza Lizeth Alvarez-Ainza and Josue Juarez and Adrián L Orjuela and Jorge Alí-Torres and Alberto Aragón-Muriel and Viviana Reyes-Márquez and David Morales-Morales},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15100968},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42938709},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Development of P^N-Pd(II) Type Complexes Derived from Aliphatic Amines as Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents.
AU - Michelle Acosta-Encinas
AU - Andrés Amaya-Flórez
AU - Jordi R Galindo
AU - Simón Hernández-Ortega
AU - Maritza Lizeth Alvarez-Ainza
AU - Josue Juarez
AU - Adrián L Orjuela
AU - Jorge Alí-Torres
AU - Alberto Aragón-Muriel
AU - Viviana Reyes-Márquez
AU - David Morales-Morales
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/30
JO - Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
DO - 10.3390/antibiotics15100968
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42938709
AB - Background/Objectives: The development of new metallodrugs has represented an important milestone in recent years for their potential application in different therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the objective of this study was to synthesize a series of P^N iminophosphine Pd(II) complexes (1Pd-3Pd) incorporating different aliphatic amines. Methods: All complexes were characterized using several spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including ¹H, ¹³C{¹H}, and ³¹P{¹H} NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. In addition, complex 3Pd was unambiguously characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Results: Supramolecular studies allowed the main noncovalent interactions responsible for stabilizing the crystal lattice of complex 3Pd to be identified. These interactions were analyzed using Hirshfeld surface analysis, which revealed that C-H···π and C-H···Cl interactions contributed most significantly to the stabilization of the crystal lattice. All complexes exhibited stability in different solvents and positive lipophilicity values, with complex 3Pd displaying the highest hydrophobicity. Through in vitro studies, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of all complexes were determined against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, as well as fungal strains of Candida species. Complex 3Pd exhibited the highest activity, particularly against L. monocytogenes (1.17 µg/mL), P. aeruginosa (4.68 µg/mL), and all fungal strains (18.75 µg/mL), displaying both bactericidal and fungicidal activity. Furthermore, in silico studies enabled the identification of the potential modes of action of the complexes against different molecular targets present in the bacterial and fungal strains. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the efficacy of the three synthesized complexes against different virulent strains exhibiting resistance to broad-spectrum drugs. Furthermore, the presence of the metal center, together with the incorporation of increasingly longer aliphatic chains, appears to enhance the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the complexes.
SN - 2079-6382
ER -