Expert Clinical Consensus on Body Surface Gastric Mapping Phenotypes for Gastroduodenal Disorders: ‘Auckland Classification’ v1.0

@article{varghese2026expert,
  title = {{Expert Clinical Consensus on Body Surface Gastric Mapping Phenotypes for Gastroduodenal Disorders: ‘Auckland Classification’ v1.0}},
  author = {Chris Varghese and Nicky Dachs and Gabriel Schamberg and Thomas Abell and Mohammad Al‐Haddad and Timothy R. Angeli and Shahin Ayazi and Homira Ayubi and Mohammad Bashashati and Robert Bulat and Stefan S. Calder and Chris Cederwall and Bianca W. Chang and Leo K. Cheng and John O. Clarke and Charlotte Daker and Peng Du and Jonathan C. Erickson and Sven Eriksson and Asma Fikree and Daphne Foong and Mark Fox and Uday C. Ghoshal and Mahesh Goenka and Rehan J. Haidry and William Lee Hasler and Bu Hayee and Vincent Ho and Gerald Holtmann and Anthony Robert Hobson and I‐Hsuan Huang and Dániel Keszthelyi and Sahib S. Khalsa and Natasha A. Koloski and Braden Kuo and David C. Kunkel and Mikaela Law and David J. Levinthal and Joy J. Liu and Prateek Mathur and Baharak Moshiree and Leila Neshatian and Catherine Ngo and Linda Anh B. Nguyen and Nicholas R. Oblizajek and Henry P. Parkman and Sanjay Pandanaboyana and Alexander Joseph Podboy and Ali Ranjideh Rezaie and Amol Sharma and Sam Simmonds and Jonathan Sivakumar and Jarongkorn Sirimongkolkasem and Irene S. Sonu and Abigail M. Stocker and Joseph Adam Sujka and Jan F. Tack and Charles Verdonk and Xiao Jing Wang and Douglas Weinstein},
  journal = {Neurogastroenterology \& Motility},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1111/nmo.70377},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.70377},
  note = {CC BY},
}

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Expert Clinical Consensus on Body Surface Gastric Mapping Phenotypes for Gastroduodenal Disorders: ‘Auckland Classification’ v1.0
AU  - Chris Varghese
AU  - Nicky Dachs
AU  - Gabriel Schamberg
AU  - Thomas Abell
AU  - Mohammad Al‐Haddad
AU  - Timothy R. Angeli
AU  - Shahin Ayazi
AU  - Homira Ayubi
AU  - Mohammad Bashashati
AU  - Robert Bulat
AU  - Stefan S. Calder
AU  - Chris Cederwall
AU  - Bianca W. Chang
AU  - Leo K. Cheng
AU  - John O. Clarke
AU  - Charlotte Daker
AU  - Peng Du
AU  - Jonathan C. Erickson
AU  - Sven Eriksson
AU  - Asma Fikree
AU  - Daphne Foong
AU  - Mark Fox
AU  - Uday C. Ghoshal
AU  - Mahesh Goenka
AU  - Rehan J. Haidry
AU  - William Lee Hasler
AU  - Bu Hayee
AU  - Vincent Ho
AU  - Gerald Holtmann
AU  - Anthony Robert Hobson
AU  - I‐Hsuan Huang
AU  - Dániel Keszthelyi
AU  - Sahib S. Khalsa
AU  - Natasha A. Koloski
AU  - Braden Kuo
AU  - David C. Kunkel
AU  - Mikaela Law
AU  - David J. Levinthal
AU  - Joy J. Liu
AU  - Prateek Mathur
AU  - Baharak Moshiree
AU  - Leila Neshatian
AU  - Catherine Ngo
AU  - Linda Anh B. Nguyen
AU  - Nicholas R. Oblizajek
AU  - Henry P. Parkman
AU  - Sanjay Pandanaboyana
AU  - Alexander Joseph Podboy
AU  - Ali Ranjideh Rezaie
AU  - Amol Sharma
AU  - Sam Simmonds
AU  - Jonathan Sivakumar
AU  - Jarongkorn Sirimongkolkasem
AU  - Irene S. Sonu
AU  - Abigail M. Stocker
AU  - Joseph Adam Sujka
AU  - Jan F. Tack
AU  - Charles Verdonk
AU  - Xiao Jing Wang
AU  - Douglas Weinstein
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/01
JO  - Neurogastroenterology & Motility
DO  - 10.1111/nmo.70377
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.70377
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Chronic gastroduodenal disorders remain challenging to manage, and new diagnostic approaches are needed to better delineate underlying causes and guide therapeutic decisions. Body Surface Gastric Mapping (BSGM) technologies combine high-resolution gastric myoelectrical activity measurements with symptom and psychological profiling to provide mechanistic insights into gastric motor and sensory dysfunction. An International Working Group convened to derive the first consensus classification of BSGM phenotypes (the "Auckland Classification"). METHODS: A Technical Group conducted a systematic literature and clinical database review to identify objective test biomarkers and candidate disease mechanisms. Evidence was synthesized across 50 studies (primarily in gastroparesis, chronic nausea and vomiting, and functional dyspepsia), and BSGM phenotypes were mapped to existing treatment guidelines. Subsequently, iterative review and development of consensus was performed by a Consensus Group composed of international clinical experts familiar with BSGM. Eleven statements underlying the classification were then derived and circulated as a final survey to establish agreement. RESULTS: Six BSGM phenotypes were endorsed: three defined by myoelectrical abnormalities (Dysrhythmic, High Frequency, and Low Meal Response) and three by characteristic symptom associations (Sensorimotor, Continuous, and Delayed Onset Symptoms). Published studies plausibly linked these phenotypes to mechanisms including interstitial cell of Cajal depletion, vagal impairment, hypomotility, visceral hypersensitivity, gut-brain dysregulation, and small bowel dysfunction. Phenotypes were also mapped to existing mechanism-based treatment guidelines. Ten out of the eleven statements had > 80% agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The Auckland Classification, derived by international consensus, presents a structured framework for BSGM-defined patient phenotypes. Evidence and mechanism-based treatment options are suggested for each phenotype to provide a foundation for research, further validation, and a pathway for integrating BSGM into clinical care.
SN  - 1350-1925
SN  - 1365-2982
ER  -