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Peer-reviewedCC BYFoods (Basel, Switzerland)

Fragment-Specific Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis for Screening the Authenticity of Red Yeast Rice Products.

  • Zhuying Wu1,2
  • Daobing Wang2
  • Di Feng2,3
  • Yuan Shuang4
  • Shanshan Zhao2
  • Xueyao Li2
  • Yuhan Tang2
  • Guohui Li2
  • Lanqing Wang2
  • Qiding Zhong2
  • Cuiying Zhang1
4 affiliations
  1. 1College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
  2. 2Technology Innovation Center of Light Industrial Consumer Goods Quality and Safety for State Administration for Market Regulation, Sinolight Technology Innovation Center Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China.
  3. 3College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100022, China.
  4. 4Sinolight Inspection and Certification (Taiyuan) Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030400, China.
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Abstract

Monacolin K (MK) in red yeast rice (RYR) is structurally identical to pharmaceutical lovastatin in its lactone form, making their origins difficult to distinguish. This study examined the δ¹³C value of hydrolysis-derived 2-methylbutyric acid (2-MBA) as a fragment-specific screening marker using liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS). Within-day repeatability was 0.19‱ for RYR, interlaboratory standard deviations were 0.18-0.19‱, and a two-component expanded uncertainty estimate was ±0.58‱ (k = 2). Hydrolysis-derived 2-MBA ranged from -32.73‱ to -26.68‱ in 45 authentic RYR samples and from -10.17‱ to -6.87‱ in 23 pharmaceutical lovastatin batches. Controlled blends showed a linear relationship between δ¹³C and blend ratio (R² = 0.9997). A one-sided tolerance limit at 95% confidence and 99% population coverage gave an investigational screening threshold of -26.47‱ for the sampled Chinese authentic RYR population. Three of 20 commercial products exceeded this threshold and were classified as isotopically inconsistent with that population. Overall, this study developed and analytically evaluated a fragment-specific LC-IRMS approach for screening source-related isotope differences between RYR-derived MK and pharmaceutical lovastatin under the investigated conditions, providing a potential analytical tool for RYR authenticity assessment.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{wu2026fragmentspecific,
  title = {{Fragment-Specific Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis for Screening the Authenticity of Red Yeast Rice Products.}},
  author = {Zhuying Wu and Daobing Wang and Di Feng and Yuan Shuang and Shanshan Zhao and Xueyao Li and Yuhan Tang and Guohui Li and Lanqing Wang and Qiding Zhong and Cuiying Zhang},
  journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/foods15203677},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42940314},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Fragment-Specific Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis for Screening the Authenticity of Red Yeast Rice Products.
AU  - Zhuying Wu
AU  - Daobing Wang
AU  - Di Feng
AU  - Yuan Shuang
AU  - Shanshan Zhao
AU  - Xueyao Li
AU  - Yuhan Tang
AU  - Guohui Li
AU  - Lanqing Wang
AU  - Qiding Zhong
AU  - Cuiying Zhang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/16
JO  - Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
DO  - 10.3390/foods15203677
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42940314
AB  - Monacolin K (MK) in red yeast rice (RYR) is structurally identical to pharmaceutical lovastatin in its lactone form, making their origins difficult to distinguish. This study examined the δ¹³C value of hydrolysis-derived 2-methylbutyric acid (2-MBA) as a fragment-specific screening marker using liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS). Within-day repeatability was 0.19‱ for RYR, interlaboratory standard deviations were 0.18-0.19‱, and a two-component expanded uncertainty estimate was ±0.58‱ (k = 2). Hydrolysis-derived 2-MBA ranged from -32.73‱ to -26.68‱ in 45 authentic RYR samples and from -10.17‱ to -6.87‱ in 23 pharmaceutical lovastatin batches. Controlled blends showed a linear relationship between δ¹³C and blend ratio (R² = 0.9997). A one-sided tolerance limit at 95% confidence and 99% population coverage gave an investigational screening threshold of -26.47‱ for the sampled Chinese authentic RYR population. Three of 20 commercial products exceeded this threshold and were classified as isotopically inconsistent with that population. Overall, this study developed and analytically evaluated a fragment-specific LC-IRMS approach for screening source-related isotope differences between RYR-derived MK and pharmaceutical lovastatin under the investigated conditions, providing a potential analytical tool for RYR authenticity assessment.
SN  - 2304-8158
ER  -