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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDCell communication and signaling : CCS

Neuroimmune interactions in retinal ganglion cell degeneration.

  • Baohua Li1
  • Yipeng Shi2
  • Ke Song1
  • Mingming Zhang1
  • Yixian Yan1
  • Bobiao Ning3
  • Zefeng Kang4
4 affiliations
  1. 1China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Eye Hospital, No.33 Lu-Gu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100040, China.
  2. 2Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Tieyi Road, Yangfangdian, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China.
  3. 3China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang'anmen Hospital, No. 138, Section 2, Huangcun Xingfeng Street, Daxing District, Beijing, 102600, China. [email protected].
  4. 4China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Eye Hospital, No.33 Lu-Gu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100040, China. [email protected].
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Abstract

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is characterized by irreversible progression and a high risk of blindness. As a common pathological feature of various ocular diseases, including glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy (DR), RGC degeneration imposes a substantial burden on patients’ visual function. Current therapeutic strategies remain limited by their narrow therapeutic targets, insufficient neuroprotective efficacy, and challenges in clinical translation. Therefore, elucidating the core regulatory mechanisms underlying RGC degeneration is essential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Neuro-glial-immune interactions play a critical role in RGC degeneration and involve key participants such as resident retinal microglia, the complement system, circulating immune cells, astrocytes, and Müller cells, as well as dynamic crosstalk among these components. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of neuroimmune interactions, potential therapeutic targets, and intervention strategies associated with RGC degeneration. Furthermore, it discusses current challenges and future directions, thereby providing a valuable reference for both basic research and the clinical translation of therapies for RGC-related blinding ocular diseases.

Graphical abstract: Neuro-glial-immune interactions driving RGC degeneration and potential therapeutic strategies. RGC degeneration is not simply a neuronal death event but rather a consequence of dysregulated interactions among neuronal stress, glial cell responses, complement activation, and peripheral immune cell involvement. Potential pharmacological intervention strategies include the inhibition of pro-inflammatory factors and the complement cascade, modulation of immune cell infiltration, attenuation of excessive glial activation, promotion of anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic factor release, and restoration of homeostasis within the RGC-glial-complement-immune network. Future therapeutic strategies should shift from the exclusive protection of RGCs toward stage-specific and cell-specific modulation of multicellular neuroimmune networks involving multiple signaling pathways. RGC, retinal ganglion cell.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{li2026neuroimmune,
  title = {{Neuroimmune interactions in retinal ganglion cell degeneration.}},
  author = {Baohua Li and Yipeng Shi and Ke Song and Mingming Zhang and Yixian Yan and Bobiao Ning and Zefeng Kang},
  journal = {Cell communication and signaling : CCS},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1186/s12964-026-03101-w},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42958390},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Neuroimmune interactions in retinal ganglion cell degeneration.
AU  - Baohua Li
AU  - Yipeng Shi
AU  - Ke Song
AU  - Mingming Zhang
AU  - Yixian Yan
AU  - Bobiao Ning
AU  - Zefeng Kang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/31
JO  - Cell communication and signaling : CCS
DO  - 10.1186/s12964-026-03101-w
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42958390
AB  - Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is characterized by irreversible progression and a high risk of blindness. As a common pathological feature of various ocular diseases, including glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy (DR), RGC degeneration imposes a substantial burden on patients’ visual function. Current therapeutic strategies remain limited by their narrow therapeutic targets, insufficient neuroprotective efficacy, and challenges in clinical translation. Therefore, elucidating the core regulatory mechanisms underlying RGC degeneration is essential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Neuro-glial-immune interactions play a critical role in RGC degeneration and involve key participants such as resident retinal microglia, the complement system, circulating immune cells, astrocytes, and Müller cells, as well as dynamic crosstalk among these components. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of neuroimmune interactions, potential therapeutic targets, and intervention strategies associated with RGC degeneration. Furthermore, it discusses current challenges and future directions, thereby providing a valuable reference for both basic research and the clinical translation of therapies for RGC-related blinding ocular diseases.  Graphical abstract: Neuro-glial-immune interactions driving RGC degeneration and potential therapeutic strategies. RGC degeneration is not simply a neuronal death event but rather a consequence of dysregulated interactions among neuronal stress, glial cell responses, complement activation, and peripheral immune cell involvement. Potential pharmacological intervention strategies include the inhibition of pro-inflammatory factors and the complement cascade, modulation of immune cell infiltration, attenuation of excessive glial activation, promotion of anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic factor release, and restoration of homeostasis within the RGC-glial-complement-immune network. Future therapeutic strategies should shift from the exclusive protection of RGCs toward stage-specific and cell-specific modulation of multicellular neuroimmune networks involving multiple signaling pathways. RGC, retinal ganglion cell.
SN  - 1478-811X
ER  -