Investigation on the impact of outdoor exercise on retinal cone photoreceptor mosaic using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
4 affiliations
- 1Department of clinical medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- 2Xiamen Eye Centre affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- 3Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Ministry of Education International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Tianjin Institute of Eye Health and Eye Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin, China
- 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the impact of exercise and sunlight exposure on the cone photoreceptor mosaic using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) and to identify associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional, observational study involved 114 participants (204 eyes) from Tianjin University of Sport who completed comprehensive evaluations, including epidemiological questionnaires, ophthalmic examinations, and AOSLO examinations. Exercise and sunlight exposure were analyzed as the main independent factors, and their joint effect was assessed with mixed-effects models. The high-exercise group was defined as ≥2 h of exercise per day continuously for 3 years, and the high-sunlight group as ≥2 h of sunlight exposure per day. Participants were then classified four groups in a 2 × 2 design: high exercise + low sunlight, high sunlight + low exercise, high exercise + high sunlight, and low exercise + low sunlight (reference group). The reference group was used to estimate the effects of exercise, sunlight, and their combination. Results: In independent factors analysis, there was no significant difference in the cone morphology between the high-exercise group and the high-sunlight-exposure group compared with control groups, respectively (P > 0.01). In the joint effect analysis, high-exercise and high-sunlight-exposed significantly increased cone density at the eccentricity 1.5°-2.5° (β= 3252.516, 2389.211, 1853.936, P = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003). Axial length mediated this association (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Compared to those receive less exercise and sunlight, participants accustomed to >2 h of daily outdoor exercise had higher cone density. This suggests that outdoor exercise is related to cone photoreceptor health, whereas either sunlight exposure alone or exercise alone failed to produce the combined effect of outdoor exercise.
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BibTeX
@article{huang2026investigation,
title = {{Investigation on the impact of outdoor exercise on retinal cone photoreceptor mosaic using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy}},
author = {Jinglin Huang and TianHao Qu and Yanming Huang and Yuanyuan Liu and Siyue Chen and Yun Zhu and Chen Liu and Jiqiu Li and Zhiyong Sun and Wei Zhou and Hua Yan},
journal = {Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2026.105691},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2026.105691},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Investigation on the impact of outdoor exercise on retinal cone photoreceptor mosaic using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
AU - Jinglin Huang
AU - TianHao Qu
AU - Yanming Huang
AU - Yuanyuan Liu
AU - Siyue Chen
AU - Yun Zhu
AU - Chen Liu
AU - Jiqiu Li
AU - Zhiyong Sun
AU - Wei Zhou
AU - Hua Yan
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
JO - Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
DO - 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2026.105691
UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2026.105691
AB - Purpose: To investigate the impact of exercise and sunlight exposure on the cone photoreceptor mosaic using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) and to identify associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional, observational study involved 114 participants (204 eyes) from Tianjin University of Sport who completed comprehensive evaluations, including epidemiological questionnaires, ophthalmic examinations, and AOSLO examinations. Exercise and sunlight exposure were analyzed as the main independent factors, and their joint effect was assessed with mixed-effects models. The high-exercise group was defined as ≥2 h of exercise per day continuously for 3 years, and the high-sunlight group as ≥2 h of sunlight exposure per day. Participants were then classified four groups in a 2 × 2 design: high exercise + low sunlight, high sunlight + low exercise, high exercise + high sunlight, and low exercise + low sunlight (reference group). The reference group was used to estimate the effects of exercise, sunlight, and their combination. Results: In independent factors analysis, there was no significant difference in the cone morphology between the high-exercise group and the high-sunlight-exposure group compared with control groups, respectively (P > 0.01). In the joint effect analysis, high-exercise and high-sunlight-exposed significantly increased cone density at the eccentricity 1.5°-2.5° (β= 3252.516, 2389.211, 1853.936, P = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003). Axial length mediated this association (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Compared to those receive less exercise and sunlight, participants accustomed to >2 h of daily outdoor exercise had higher cone density. This suggests that outdoor exercise is related to cone photoreceptor health, whereas either sunlight exposure alone or exercise alone failed to produce the combined effect of outdoor exercise.
SN - 1572-1000
SN - 1873-1597
ER -