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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0PLOS One

Study on the fracture characteristics controlled by filling ratio in cut-and-fill mining

  • Qingju Qin1
  • Zhiqiang Wang2
  • Changxiang Wang3
  • Jiahao Wang4
  • Baoliang Zhang5
5 affiliations
  1. 1School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
  2. 2Qianyingzi Coal Mine, Anhui Hengyuan Coal Industry and Electricity Power Co., Ltd., Wanbei Coal-Electricity Group, Suzhou, China
  3. 3State Key Laboratory for Safe Mining of Deep Coal Resources and Environment Protection, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
  4. 4School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
  5. 5Jinfeng Coal Mine, National Energy Group Ningxia Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Yanchi, China
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Abstract

To mitigate surface subsidence and stope instability induced by an insufficient filling ratio in cut‑and‑fill mining, this study investigates overlying strata fracture characteristics and instability mechanisms by means of similar material simulation, PFC numerical modeling, and theoretical analysis. Filling ratio acts as the dominant factor for overburden and stope stability: full (100%) filling suppresses roof displacement and key-stratum breakage to realize reliable gangue-pillar bearing and overburden control, whereas 50% insufficient filling triggers key-stratum fracture and domino-style chain failure starting from central goaf gangue pillars, further producing severe overburden destruction and large-magnitude surface subsidence. PFC simulations prove cut-and-fill mining forms a composite three-arch structure, whose evolution under gangue compaction controls overburden damage and surface subsidence. Analysis confirms the criticality of middle gangue pillar stability, so Cut-and-fill mining design should strengthen middle and end gangue pillars. This study clarifies filling ratio control mechanisms, providing technical support for filling parameter optimization and safe, efficient Cut-and-fill mining.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{qin2026study,
  title = {{Study on the fracture characteristics controlled by filling ratio in cut-and-fill mining}},
  author = {Qingju Qin and Zhiqiang Wang and Changxiang Wang and Jiahao Wang and Baoliang Zhang},
  journal = {PLOS One},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0354444},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354444},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Study on the fracture characteristics controlled by filling ratio in cut-and-fill mining
AU  - Qingju Qin
AU  - Zhiqiang Wang
AU  - Changxiang Wang
AU  - Jiahao Wang
AU  - Baoliang Zhang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/16
JO  - PLOS One
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0354444
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0354444
AB  - To mitigate surface subsidence and stope instability induced by an insufficient filling ratio in cut‑and‑fill mining, this study investigates overlying strata fracture characteristics and instability mechanisms by means of similar material simulation, PFC numerical modeling, and theoretical analysis. Filling ratio acts as the dominant factor for overburden and stope stability: full (100%) filling suppresses roof displacement and key-stratum breakage to realize reliable gangue-pillar bearing and overburden control, whereas 50% insufficient filling triggers key-stratum fracture and domino-style chain failure starting from central goaf gangue pillars, further producing severe overburden destruction and large-magnitude surface subsidence. PFC simulations prove cut-and-fill mining forms a composite three-arch structure, whose evolution under gangue compaction controls overburden damage and surface subsidence. Analysis confirms the criticality of middle gangue pillar stability, so Cut-and-fill mining design should strengthen middle and end gangue pillars. This study clarifies filling ratio control mechanisms, providing technical support for filling parameter optimization and safe, efficient Cut-and-fill mining.
SN  - 1932-6203
ER  -