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Peer-reviewedCC BYThe European Physical Journal C

Evidence for evolving dark energy from DESI DR2 BAO and Pantheon+, DES-Dovekie, and Union3

  • Himanshu Chaudhary1,2
  • Salvatore Capozzıello3,4,5
  • Vipin Kumar Sharma6
  • Isidro Gómez-Vargas7
  • Ghulam Mustafa8,9
9 affiliations
  1. 1Babeş-Bolyai University
  2. 2Research Center of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Khazar University
  3. 3Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
  4. 4Scuola Superiore Meridionale
  5. 5Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’ Angelo
  6. 6Lovely Professional University
  7. 7University of Geneva
  8. 8Walailak University
  9. 9Zhejiang Normal University
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Abstract

Evidences for evolving dark energy are shown using baryon acoustic oscillation measurements from the recent Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Data Release 2, combined with different Type Ia supernova datasets (Pantheon + + , DES-Dovekie, and Union3) and the CMB compressed likelihood. We examine several dark energy parameterizations, including the Logarithmic, Exponential, CPL, BA, JBP, Thawing, Mirage, and GEDE models. Analyzing the DESI DR2 measurements alone, we find that evidence for evolving dark energy is primarily driven by the LRG1-2 tracers, as their inclusion yields a preferred value of w0 > −1 w 0 > - 1 . However, as each tracer provides only limited observables, this preference can result in an underconstrained and potentially unstable inference. Further, we find that each dark energy model predicts values in the w0 > −1 w 0 > - 1 , wa < 0 w a < 0 quadrant, a region characterized by the Quintom-B type dark energy scenario. The logarithmic bayes factor shows that, among all models, the Mirage model shows the inconclusive-to-moderate evidence across all dataset combinations. Consistently, the statistical significance remains modest, with Nσ ∼ 1.1 N σ ∼ 1.1 -2.3, and no model showing a robust preference for dynamical dark energy using late-time datasets alone. The evolution of w ( z ) shows a phantom crossing around z ∼ 0.5 z ∼ 0.5 in most dynamical dark energy models, and the evolution of fDE(z) f DE ( z ) converges to fDE(0) = 1 f DE ( 0 ) = 1 in all dark energy models.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{chaudhary2026evidence,
  title = {{Evidence for evolving dark energy from DESI DR2 BAO and Pantheon$$^+$$, DES-Dovekie, and Union3}},
  author = {Himanshu Chaudhary and Salvatore Capozzıello and Vipin Kumar Sharma and Isidro Gómez-Vargas and Ghulam Mustafa},
  journal = {The European Physical Journal C},
  year = {2026},
  month = may,
  doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15806-w},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15806-w},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Evidence for evolving dark energy from DESI DR2 BAO and Pantheon^+, DES-Dovekie, and Union3
AU  - Himanshu Chaudhary
AU  - Salvatore Capozzıello
AU  - Vipin Kumar Sharma
AU  - Isidro Gómez-Vargas
AU  - Ghulam Mustafa
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/05/22
JO  - The European Physical Journal C
DO  - 10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15806-w
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15806-w
AB  - Evidences for evolving dark energy are shown using baryon acoustic oscillation measurements from the recent Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Data Release 2, combined with different Type Ia supernova datasets (Pantheon ^+ + , DES-Dovekie, and Union3) and the CMB compressed likelihood. We examine several dark energy parameterizations, including the Logarithmic, Exponential, CPL, BA, JBP, Thawing, Mirage, and GEDE models. Analyzing the DESI DR2 measurements alone, we find that evidence for evolving dark energy is primarily driven by the LRG1-2 tracers, as their inclusion yields a preferred value of w_0 > −1 w 0 > - 1 . However, as each tracer provides only limited observables, this preference can result in an underconstrained and potentially unstable inference. Further, we find that each dark energy model predicts values in the w_0 > −1 w 0 > - 1 , w_a < 0 w a < 0 quadrant, a region characterized by the Quintom-B type dark energy scenario. The logarithmic bayes factor shows that, among all models, the Mirage model shows the inconclusive-to-moderate evidence across all dataset combinations. Consistently, the statistical significance remains modest, with Nσ ∼ 1.1 N σ ∼ 1.1 -2.3, and no model showing a robust preference for dynamical dark energy using late-time datasets alone. The evolution of w ( z ) shows a phantom crossing around z ∼ 0.5 z ∼ 0.5 in most dynamical dark energy models, and the evolution of f_DE(z) f DE ( z ) converges to f_DE(0) = 1 f DE ( 0 ) = 1 in all dark energy models.
SN  - 1434-6044
SN  - 1434-6052
ER  -