Characterization of particle ejection processes and sites in a sliding interface
Abstract
In braking conditions, at a macroscopic scale, the contact between a pad and a disc appears closed, preventing access to the interface and thus achieving friction and energy dissipation. However, at a finer scale, the contact can be considered as predominantly open, particularly at the scale of the third-body layer and the emitted particles. Indeed, during braking, the distribution of contact across the interface evolves, as a result of wear, vibration and thermomechanical phenomena. This evolution creates storage spaces but also gaps allowing the particles to circulate and participate in the contact (internal flow). These open spaces also allow particles to leave the contact (external flow). Better identification and quantification of these particle emissions, their creation and ejection processes linked to tribological processes will help reduce them, and mitigate their effect on health and the environment. Particle analyzers and counters (EEPS/OPS/CPC), as well as impactors, can usually be used to count, characterize and describe ejected particles. However, questions remain as to the dynamics of ejection from a temporal point of view, due to the recirculation of particles in the test enclosure and the response time of the devices, but also from a spatial point of view, as particles may leave the interface from a variety of locations.
In this study, we characterize the particles emitted during braking using two couples of materials. First, an XC48 steel disc and a simplified metal-matrix composite pad with only five ingredients and then a gray cast-iron disc and an organic-matrix composite pad. Ejection processes and emission dynamics are investigated from a temporal and spatial point of view, using an original, specially-adapted set-up.
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BibTeX
@article{briatte2026characterization,
title = {{Characterization of particle ejection processes and sites in a sliding interface}},
author = {Mathis Briatte and Edouard Davin and Anne-Lise Cristol and Philippe Dufrenoy},
journal = {Tribology International},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2026.112408},
url = {https://hal.science/hal-05849408v1},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Characterization of particle ejection processes and sites in a sliding interface
AU - Mathis Briatte
AU - Edouard Davin
AU - Anne-Lise Cristol
AU - Philippe Dufrenoy
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/03
JO - Tribology International
DO - 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.112408
UR - https://hal.science/hal-05849408v1
AB - In braking conditions, at a macroscopic scale, the contact between a pad and a disc appears closed, preventing access to the interface and thus achieving friction and energy dissipation. However, at a finer scale, the contact can be considered as predominantly open, particularly at the scale of the third-body layer and the emitted particles. Indeed, during braking, the distribution of contact across the interface evolves, as a result of wear, vibration and thermomechanical phenomena. This evolution creates storage spaces but also gaps allowing the particles to circulate and participate in the contact (internal flow). These open spaces also allow particles to leave the contact (external flow). Better identification and quantification of these particle emissions, their creation and ejection processes linked to tribological processes will help reduce them, and mitigate their effect on health and the environment. Particle analyzers and counters (EEPS/OPS/CPC), as well as impactors, can usually be used to count, characterize and describe ejected particles. However, questions remain as to the dynamics of ejection from a temporal point of view, due to the recirculation of particles in the test enclosure and the response time of the devices, but also from a spatial point of view, as particles may leave the interface from a variety of locations. In this study, we characterize the particles emitted during braking using two couples of materials. First, an XC48 steel disc and a simplified metal-matrix composite pad with only five ingredients and then a gray cast-iron disc and an organic-matrix composite pad. Ejection processes and emission dynamics are investigated from a temporal and spatial point of view, using an original, specially-adapted set-up.
SN - 0301-679X
SN - 1879-2464
ER -