Sudan Dye Adulteration in Foods: A Comprehensive Review of Health Risks, Detection Methods, Regulatory Responses, and Preventive Strategies.
4 affiliations
- 1Department of Food Sciences, College of Life Science, National Chiayi University, No.300 Syuefu Rd., Chiayi 600355, Taiwan.
- 2Mr. PEPPER Co., Ltd. No.39.ALY 1, Ln 230 Jhong Jheng Rd Dalin township, Chiayi 622002, Taiwan.
- 3Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2F, No.180, Ziyou 2nd Rd., Zuoying Dist., Kaohsiung 813021, Taiwan.
- 4Department of Seafood Science, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
Abstract
Sudan dyes (SDs), synthetic azo dyes used exclusively in industrial applications, are frequently detected as illegal adulterants in spice products due to their vivid color and low cost. This review systematically assesses the health risks posed by SD exposure and characterizes global contamination patterns across complex spice supply chains. These supply chains are inherently complex, presenting risks such as contamination, adulteration, and food fraud (FF). Mitigating these risks demands a coordinated approach: integrating advanced technology, enforcing regulatory compliance, and embedding sustainability across the entire chain. Key actions include deploying scalable detection tools, delivering targeted training, and aligning with international standards to strengthen transparency and traceability. Regulatory challenges stem from supply chain complexity, varying international standards, and enforcement limitations in producing regions. However, adopting cutting-edge tools, enhancing supply chain visibility, and promoting sustainable practices can reduce contamination, adulteration, and fraud, strengthening food safety and resilience. In summary, this review emphasizes the need for integrated prevention strategies combining blockchain-based traceability, Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring, harmonized global regulations, and strengthened supplier oversight to safeguard food authenticity and public health.
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BibTeX
@article{chiu2026sudan,
title = {{Sudan Dye Adulteration in Foods: A Comprehensive Review of Health Risks, Detection Methods, Regulatory Responses, and Preventive Strategies.}},
author = {Te-Wen Chiu and Wen-Chang Chang and Chung-Cheng Li and Chih-Yao Hou and Ping-Hsiu Huang},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/foods15203619},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42940255},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Sudan Dye Adulteration in Foods: A Comprehensive Review of Health Risks, Detection Methods, Regulatory Responses, and Preventive Strategies.
AU - Te-Wen Chiu
AU - Wen-Chang Chang
AU - Chung-Cheng Li
AU - Chih-Yao Hou
AU - Ping-Hsiu Huang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/11
JO - Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
DO - 10.3390/foods15203619
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42940255
AB - Sudan dyes (SDs), synthetic azo dyes used exclusively in industrial applications, are frequently detected as illegal adulterants in spice products due to their vivid color and low cost. This review systematically assesses the health risks posed by SD exposure and characterizes global contamination patterns across complex spice supply chains. These supply chains are inherently complex, presenting risks such as contamination, adulteration, and food fraud (FF). Mitigating these risks demands a coordinated approach: integrating advanced technology, enforcing regulatory compliance, and embedding sustainability across the entire chain. Key actions include deploying scalable detection tools, delivering targeted training, and aligning with international standards to strengthen transparency and traceability. Regulatory challenges stem from supply chain complexity, varying international standards, and enforcement limitations in producing regions. However, adopting cutting-edge tools, enhancing supply chain visibility, and promoting sustainable practices can reduce contamination, adulteration, and fraud, strengthening food safety and resilience. In summary, this review emphasizes the need for integrated prevention strategies combining blockchain-based traceability, Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring, harmonized global regulations, and strengthened supplier oversight to safeguard food authenticity and public health.
SN - 2304-8158
ER -