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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary disks (AGE-PRO): Evolution of dust properties from multi-wavelength observations

  • Camila Pulgarés1,2
  • Laura M Pérez1
  • Carolina Agurto-Gangas3
  • Lilian Luo2
  • Paola Pinilla2
  • Anibal Sierra2,4
  • Miguel Vioque5
  • Nicolás Kurtovic6,7
  • Rossella Anania8
  • John Carpenter9
  • Lucas Cieza10,11
  • Dingshan Deng12
4 more authors
  • Camilo González-Ruilova13,14,15
  • Michiel R Hogerheijde16,17
  • James Miley9,13,14,15,18
  • Ke Zhang19
19 affiliations
  1. 1Universidad de Chile Departamento de Astronomía, , Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago ,
  2. 2Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT ,
  3. 3Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Departamento de Física, , Vicuña Mackena 3939, San Joaquín, Santiago de Chile ,
  4. 4Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía , A.P. 70-264, Ciudad de México 04510 ,
  5. 5European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzchild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching bei München ,
  6. 6Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestial Physics , Giessenbachstrasse 1, D-85748 Garching ,
  7. 7Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie (MPIA) , Konigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg ,
  8. 8School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin , College Green, Dublin 2 ,
  9. 9Joint ALMA Observatory , Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago 763-0355 ,
  10. 10Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos, Universidad Diego Portales , Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago ,
  11. 11Millennium Nucleus on Young Exoplanets and their Moons (YEMS) ,
  12. 12Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, the University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721 ,
  13. 13Universidad de Santiago de Chile Departamento de Física, , Avenida Victor Jara 3659, Santiago ,
  14. 14Millenium Nucleus of Young Exoplanets and their Moons (YEMS) ,
  15. 15Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Astrophysics and Space Exploration (CIRAS) , Universidad de Santiago ,
  16. 16Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden ,
  17. 17Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam ,
  18. 18European Southern Observatory , Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago ,
  19. 19University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Astronomy, , 475 N Charter St, Madison, WI 53706 ,
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Abstract

Understanding the evolution of solids in protoplanetary discs is important to comprehend the formation of giant planets cores and terrestrial planets. The ALMA Large Program AGE-PRO studied key disc properties in a survey of 30 protoplanetary discs across three evolutionary stages: the embedded phase (0.5-1 Myr), the middle-age phase (1-3 Myr), and the end of the disc lifetime (2-6 Myr). Preliminary dust properties were estimated using 1.3 mm observations, but a multi-wavelength analysis provides a better constraint of important properties such as the dust disc mass, the dust temperature, and the maximum grain size. We present new ALMA 3.1 mm and 1.5 mm (Bands 3 and 5) continuum observations of the complete survey of 30 AGE-PRO discs. We fitted the observed visibilities and derived radial brightness profiles, spatially resolving 20 discs from the AGE-PRO sample at the two studied wavelengths. A multi-wavelength modelling was performed including also the radial profiles from the 1.3 mm observations. Our results replicate trends obtained from the single wavelength analysis: the dust disc size seems to be constant over age and the dust disc mass decreases with time, with a factor ∼10-40 uncertainty from opacity assumptions. This result implies much lower gas-to-dust mass ratios for the discs in our sample than previously reported. In addition, the derived spectral indices are consistent with optically thick emission in a large fraction of the AGE-PRO discs, in particular for the Ophiuchus and Lupus discs.

Versions

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{pulgares2026alma,
  title = {{The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary disks (AGE-PRO): Evolution of dust properties from multi-wavelength observations}},
  author = {Camila Pulgarés and Laura M Pérez and Carolina Agurto-Gangas and Lilian Luo and Paola Pinilla and Anibal Sierra and Miguel Vioque and Nicolás Kurtovic and Rossella Anania and John Carpenter and Lucas Cieza and Dingshan Deng and Camilo González-Ruilova and Michiel R Hogerheijde and James Miley and Ke Zhang},
  journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1093/mnras/stag2043},
  url = {https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2043/9003263},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary disks (AGE-PRO): Evolution of dust properties from multi-wavelength observations
AU  - Camila Pulgarés
AU  - Laura M Pérez
AU  - Carolina Agurto-Gangas
AU  - Lilian Luo
AU  - Paola Pinilla
AU  - Anibal Sierra
AU  - Miguel Vioque
AU  - Nicolás Kurtovic
AU  - Rossella Anania
AU  - John Carpenter
AU  - Lucas Cieza
AU  - Dingshan Deng
AU  - Camilo González-Ruilova
AU  - Michiel R Hogerheijde
AU  - James Miley
AU  - Ke Zhang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/27
JO  - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
DO  - 10.1093/mnras/stag2043
UR  - https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2043/9003263
AB  - Understanding the evolution of solids in protoplanetary discs is important to comprehend the formation of giant planets cores and terrestrial planets. The ALMA Large Program AGE-PRO studied key disc properties in a survey of 30 protoplanetary discs across three evolutionary stages: the embedded phase (0.5-1 Myr), the middle-age phase (1-3 Myr), and the end of the disc lifetime (2-6 Myr). Preliminary dust properties were estimated using 1.3 mm observations, but a multi-wavelength analysis provides a better constraint of important properties such as the dust disc mass, the dust temperature, and the maximum grain size. We present new ALMA 3.1 mm and 1.5 mm (Bands 3 and 5) continuum observations of the complete survey of 30 AGE-PRO discs. We fitted the observed visibilities and derived radial brightness profiles, spatially resolving 20 discs from the AGE-PRO sample at the two studied wavelengths. A multi-wavelength modelling was performed including also the radial profiles from the 1.3 mm observations. Our results replicate trends obtained from the single wavelength analysis: the dust disc size seems to be constant over age and the dust disc mass decreases with time, with a factor ∼10-40 uncertainty from opacity assumptions. This result implies much lower gas-to-dust mass ratios for the discs in our sample than previously reported. In addition, the derived spectral indices are consistent with optically thick emission in a large fraction of the AGE-PRO discs, in particular for the Ophiuchus and Lupus discs.
SN  - 0035-8711
SN  - 1365-2966
ER  -