Brain correlates of cognitive reserve in offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
8 affiliations
- 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2021SGR01319, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Fundació de Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- 3Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 4Department of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 5Barcelona Bipolar and Depressive Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Barcelona, Spain
- 6Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- 7Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Sureste, Madrid, Spain
- 8Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Marañón School of Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) modulates the impact of neural alterations on clinical outcomes, yet its association with brain structure during youth remains unexplored. We aimed to investigate the relationship between CR and brain structure in young offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, according to development of psychotic spectrum symptoms over time. 404 data acquisitions were analyzed from offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, 43 offspring who developed psychotic spectrum symptoms over time (SzBpO-P), 94 offspring who did not (SzBpO-NP), and 80 community controls (CcO), re-assessed over a 12-year period (101 SzBpO-P, 181 SzBpO-NP, 122 CcO). Global and lobar volume, cortical surface area and thickness metrics were obtained from T1-weighted sequences acquired on a 3 Tesla MRI scanner and computed using FreeSurfer version 7.1. CR was calculated using a composite score including an estimated intelligence quotient, sociability, parental socioeconomic status, school performance, and developmental milestones. Multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression (categorical variables) or linear regression (continuous variables) models were conducted. A significant group-by-CR interaction was found for total intracranial volume (F = 7.770; p < 0.001), whereby the CcO and SzBpO-NP groups showed a positive association between CR and total intracranial volume, while this association was negative for SzBpO-P. No significant effects were observed in other brain structural metrics when adjusting for total intracranial volume. CR was differentially associated with total intracranial volume according to development of psychotic spectrum symptoms. These results may help identify youth at highest risk for severe mental health outcomes.
Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-026-03071-x.
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BibTeX
@article{camprodonboadas2026brain,
title = {{Brain correlates of cognitive reserve in offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder}},
author = {Patricia Camprodon-Boadas and Elena De la Serna and María Ortuño and Daniel Ilzarbe and Adriana Fortea and Inmaculada Baeza and Roger Borras and Carla Torrent and Irene Martinez-Serrano and Clemente García-Rizo and Dolores Moreno and Josefina Castro-Fornieles and Gisela Sugranyes},
journal = {European Child \& Adolescent Psychiatry},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
doi = {10.1007/s00787-026-03071-x},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-026-03071-x},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Brain correlates of cognitive reserve in offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
AU - Patricia Camprodon-Boadas
AU - Elena De la Serna
AU - María Ortuño
AU - Daniel Ilzarbe
AU - Adriana Fortea
AU - Inmaculada Baeza
AU - Roger Borras
AU - Carla Torrent
AU - Irene Martinez-Serrano
AU - Clemente García-Rizo
AU - Dolores Moreno
AU - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
AU - Gisela Sugranyes
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/27
JO - European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
DO - 10.1007/s00787-026-03071-x
UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-026-03071-x
AB - Cognitive reserve (CR) modulates the impact of neural alterations on clinical outcomes, yet its association with brain structure during youth remains unexplored. We aimed to investigate the relationship between CR and brain structure in young offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, according to development of psychotic spectrum symptoms over time. 404 data acquisitions were analyzed from offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, 43 offspring who developed psychotic spectrum symptoms over time (SzBpO-P), 94 offspring who did not (SzBpO-NP), and 80 community controls (CcO), re-assessed over a 12-year period (101 SzBpO-P, 181 SzBpO-NP, 122 CcO). Global and lobar volume, cortical surface area and thickness metrics were obtained from T1-weighted sequences acquired on a 3 Tesla MRI scanner and computed using FreeSurfer version 7.1. CR was calculated using a composite score including an estimated intelligence quotient, sociability, parental socioeconomic status, school performance, and developmental milestones. Multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression (categorical variables) or linear regression (continuous variables) models were conducted. A significant group-by-CR interaction was found for total intracranial volume (F = 7.770; p < 0.001), whereby the CcO and SzBpO-NP groups showed a positive association between CR and total intracranial volume, while this association was negative for SzBpO-P. No significant effects were observed in other brain structural metrics when adjusting for total intracranial volume. CR was differentially associated with total intracranial volume according to development of psychotic spectrum symptoms. These results may help identify youth at highest risk for severe mental health outcomes. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-026-03071-x.
SN - 1018-8827
SN - 1435-165X
ER -