Chromosome-level genome and caste transcriptomes for Africa's most widespread social wasp (Belonogaster juncea) reveal unexpected genomic diversity
- 1University College London
Abstract
Belonogaster is an African genus of primitively eusocial wasps. They are widespread and conspicuous across sub-Saharan Africa and yet are among the least studied groups of social wasps. Here, we present the first high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly for a representative of this genus, Belonogaster juncea, complemented by an RNA-seq analysis of brain transcription among individuals representing reproductive and non-reproductive castes. The assembled genome spans 315.8 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 7.91 Mb. The annotation contained 15,159 protein-coding genes and 20,046 isoforms, with Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) completeness of 98.0% for the genome and 97.8% for the annotation. Using this new assembly, we show that the B. juncea genome differs notably from other social wasp genomes: a single satellite repeat makes up a fifth of its chromosome-scale sequence, it has the highest putative chromosome number in a sequenced wasp genome to date, and it shows high levels of syntenic breaks. We find caste neuro-transcription differences between queens and workers, revealing 573 differentially expressed genes (341 worker biased, 232 queen biased), with significant overlap in caste-specific genes when compared to Polistes dominula and Liostenogaster flavolineata. This genomic resource provides a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying primitive eusociality and social evolution in wasps, and opens up new research opportunities for a genus of little-studied insects from the Global South.
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BibTeX
@misc{wyatt2026chromosomelevel,
title = {{Chromosome-level genome and caste transcriptomes for Africa's most widespread social wasp (Belonogaster juncea) reveal unexpected genomic diversity}},
author = {C. D. R. Wyatt and E. Favreau and K. Geist and R. E. Masonbrink and F. Duarte and C. A. Oi and B. A. Taylor and R. Tcheutchoua and S. Kapmegne and A. Cerqueira De Araujo and M. Tindo and P. S. Masse and P. Kennedy and A. Toth and S. Rehan and S. Sumner},
howpublished = {bioRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.64898/2026.10.16.759595},
url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.16.759595v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Chromosome-level genome and caste transcriptomes for Africa's most widespread social wasp (Belonogaster juncea) reveal unexpected genomic diversity
AU - C. D. R. Wyatt
AU - E. Favreau
AU - K. Geist
AU - R. E. Masonbrink
AU - F. Duarte
AU - C. A. Oi
AU - B. A. Taylor
AU - R. Tcheutchoua
AU - S. Kapmegne
AU - A. Cerqueira De Araujo
AU - M. Tindo
AU - P. S. Masse
AU - P. Kennedy
AU - A. Toth
AU - S. Rehan
AU - S. Sumner
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/16
PB - bioRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.10.16.759595
UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.16.759595v1
AB - Belonogaster is an African genus of primitively eusocial wasps. They are widespread and conspicuous across sub-Saharan Africa and yet are among the least studied groups of social wasps. Here, we present the first high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly for a representative of this genus, Belonogaster juncea, complemented by an RNA-seq analysis of brain transcription among individuals representing reproductive and non-reproductive castes. The assembled genome spans 315.8 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 7.91 Mb. The annotation contained 15,159 protein-coding genes and 20,046 isoforms, with Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) completeness of 98.0% for the genome and 97.8% for the annotation. Using this new assembly, we show that the B. juncea genome differs notably from other social wasp genomes: a single satellite repeat makes up a fifth of its chromosome-scale sequence, it has the highest putative chromosome number in a sequenced wasp genome to date, and it shows high levels of syntenic breaks. We find caste neuro-transcription differences between queens and workers, revealing 573 differentially expressed genes (341 worker biased, 232 queen biased), with significant overlap in caste-specific genes when compared to Polistes dominula and Liostenogaster flavolineata. This genomic resource provides a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying primitive eusociality and social evolution in wasps, and opens up new research opportunities for a genus of little-studied insects from the Global South.
ER -