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Peer-reviewedCC BYDiseases (Basel, Switzerland)

Hypertension in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy, and Clinical Implications.

  • Ahmed Arafa1
  • Amira S A Said2
  • Ehab Elkady3,4
  • Alshimaa Mostafa5
  • Mona S Ibrahim6,7
  • Doaa Mahmoud Khalil1
7 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt.
  2. 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates.
  3. 3Ada'a Health Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia.
  4. 4Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health and Population, Menoufia 32951, Egypt.
  5. 5Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt.
  6. 6Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhurma Hospital, Riyadh 19839, Saudi Arabia.
  7. 7National Breastfeeding Program, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract

Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor, but its epidemiology in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) remains unclear. Whether PwMS have a higher prevalence of hypertension than the general population, the potential pathways linking the two conditions, and the association between hypertension and MS-related outcomes remain incompletely understood. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the prevalence of hypertension in PwMS, examines potential immunological, autonomic, vascular, behavioral, and treatment-related pathways that may link MS and hypertension, and explores how MS disease-modifying therapies may influence blood pressure regulation. It also reviews evidence on the association between hypertension and neurological disability, mobility, cognitive function, visual outcomes, and markers of neurodegeneration in PwMS, as well as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women with MS. Finally, it discusses the clinical implications of these findings and identifies priorities for future research.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{arafa2026hypertension,
  title = {{Hypertension in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy, and Clinical Implications.}},
  author = {Ahmed Arafa and Amira S A Said and Ehab Elkady and Alshimaa Mostafa and Mona S Ibrahim and Doaa Mahmoud Khalil},
  journal = {Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/diseases14100376},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930003},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Hypertension in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy, and Clinical Implications.
AU  - Ahmed Arafa
AU  - Amira S A Said
AU  - Ehab Elkady
AU  - Alshimaa Mostafa
AU  - Mona S Ibrahim
AU  - Doaa Mahmoud Khalil
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/13
JO  - Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
DO  - 10.3390/diseases14100376
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930003
AB  - Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor, but its epidemiology in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) remains unclear. Whether PwMS have a higher prevalence of hypertension than the general population, the potential pathways linking the two conditions, and the association between hypertension and MS-related outcomes remain incompletely understood. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the prevalence of hypertension in PwMS, examines potential immunological, autonomic, vascular, behavioral, and treatment-related pathways that may link MS and hypertension, and explores how MS disease-modifying therapies may influence blood pressure regulation. It also reviews evidence on the association between hypertension and neurological disability, mobility, cognitive function, visual outcomes, and markers of neurodegeneration in PwMS, as well as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women with MS. Finally, it discusses the clinical implications of these findings and identifies priorities for future research.
SN  - 2079-9721
ER  -