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Peer-reviewedCC BYFrontiers in microbiology

A phytochemical–nanotechnology platform exhibits complementary antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects in experimental fowl typhoid

  • Afnan Saleem1
  • Baqia Farhat2
  • Yaawar Mir3
  • Tasaduq Manzoor3
  • Junaid Nazir4
  • Sheikh F. Ahmad5
  • Abdul Majeed Ganai6
  • Sabry M. Attia5
  • Minakshi Prasad7
  • Syed Mudasir Ahmad3
7 affiliations
  1. 1Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science & Technology , ,
  2. 2Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir , ,
  3. 3Division of Animal Biotechnology, FVSC & AH, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology , ,
  4. 4Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University , , ,
  5. 5Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , ,
  6. 6Division of Animal Nutrition, FVSC & AH, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology , ,
  7. 7Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences , ,
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Abstract

Salmonella gallinarum , the causative agent of fowl typhoid, poses a persistent threat to poultry health and productivity, compounded by the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. Addressing the urgent need for effective alternatives, this study evaluated a multi-component complementary approach combining the phytocompound 4-hydroxycoumarin, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and Ajwain ( Trachyspermum ammi ) extract. In vitro assays, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, cytotoxicity, and concentration optimization, confirmed the potent antibacterial activity and favorable safety profiles of the tested components. Molecular docking identified a putative interaction between 4-hydroxycoumarin and Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 5 (CCL5). Analysis of the archived molecular dynamics trajectory, after correction for periodic boundary conditions, revealed substantial protein conformational deviation and increasing ligand displacement toward the end of the trajectory, with a loss of close protein–ligand contact after approximately 40 ns. These findings support a predicted interaction but do not establish persistent ligand binding or a single predicted protein–ligand association mode. In the chicken infection model, the combination treatments were associated with descriptively reduced clinical severity and differences in endpoint mortality. These in vivo findings should be regarded as preliminary, descriptive, and exploratory proof-of-concept data, as mortality and clinical endpoint comparisons did not remain statistically significant after Holm correction. As 4-hydroxycoumarin was evaluated in vivo only as a component of the combination formulations, the observed effects belong strictly to the tested combinations, and their individual contributions cannot be determined independently. Gene expression analyses further revealed a downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, providing exploratory evidence of immunomodulatory responses associated with the tested formulations. Together, these findings provide preliminary proof of concept for a multi-component approach against S. gallinarum infection.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{saleem2026phytochemicalnanotechnology,
  title = {{A phytochemical–nanotechnology platform exhibits complementary antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects in experimental fowl typhoid}},
  author = {Afnan Saleem and Baqia Farhat and Yaawar Mir and Tasaduq Manzoor and Junaid Nazir and Sheikh F. Ahmad and Abdul Majeed Ganai and Sabry M. Attia and Minakshi Prasad and Syed Mudasir Ahmad},
  journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1894409},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13668857},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - A phytochemical–nanotechnology platform exhibits complementary antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects in experimental fowl typhoid
AU  - Afnan Saleem
AU  - Baqia Farhat
AU  - Yaawar Mir
AU  - Tasaduq Manzoor
AU  - Junaid Nazir
AU  - Sheikh F. Ahmad
AU  - Abdul Majeed Ganai
AU  - Sabry M. Attia
AU  - Minakshi Prasad
AU  - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Frontiers in microbiology
DO  - 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1894409
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13668857
AB  - Salmonella gallinarum , the causative agent of fowl typhoid, poses a persistent threat to poultry health and productivity, compounded by the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. Addressing the urgent need for effective alternatives, this study evaluated a multi-component complementary approach combining the phytocompound 4-hydroxycoumarin, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and Ajwain ( Trachyspermum ammi ) extract. In vitro assays, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, cytotoxicity, and concentration optimization, confirmed the potent antibacterial activity and favorable safety profiles of the tested components. Molecular docking identified a putative interaction between 4-hydroxycoumarin and Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 5 (CCL5). Analysis of the archived molecular dynamics trajectory, after correction for periodic boundary conditions, revealed substantial protein conformational deviation and increasing ligand displacement toward the end of the trajectory, with a loss of close protein–ligand contact after approximately 40 ns. These findings support a predicted interaction but do not establish persistent ligand binding or a single predicted protein–ligand association mode. In the chicken infection model, the combination treatments were associated with descriptively reduced clinical severity and differences in endpoint mortality. These in vivo findings should be regarded as preliminary, descriptive, and exploratory proof-of-concept data, as mortality and clinical endpoint comparisons did not remain statistically significant after Holm correction. As 4-hydroxycoumarin was evaluated in vivo only as a component of the combination formulations, the observed effects belong strictly to the tested combinations, and their individual contributions cannot be determined independently. Gene expression analyses further revealed a downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, providing exploratory evidence of immunomodulatory responses associated with the tested formulations. Together, these findings provide preliminary proof of concept for a multi-component approach against S. gallinarum infection.
SN  - 1664-302X
ER  -