Prenatal tobacco exposure and visual disorders in children.
- 1Ophthalmology Student Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. [email protected].
- 2Ophthalmology Student Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
- 3Department and Clinic of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. [email protected].
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with adverse fetal and perinatal outcomes and may also affect visual system development in offspring. Increasing evidence suggests that prenatal tobacco exposure may also be associated with abnormalities of visual system development in children. However, the extent to which these associations reflect direct effects of tobacco exposure versus indirect pathways mediated by adverse perinatal outcomes remains uncertain. This narrative review summarizes the available evidence regarding the association between prenatal tobacco exposure and visual abnormalities in children, with particular emphasis on retinopathy of prematurity, strabismus, refractive errors, retinal nerve fiber layer abnormalities, and optic nerve hypoplasia. The most consistent evidence concerns retinopathy of prematurity and strabismus, although interpretation is complicated by prematurity, fetal growth restriction, neonatal morbidity, and residual confounding. Evidence regarding refractive errors and amblyopia is less consistent, while data on structural visual pathway abnormalities remain limited. Proposed mechanisms include vascular dysfunction, altered cholinergic signaling, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired neurodevelopment.Conclusion: Prenatal tobacco exposure may be associated with selected functional and structural abnormalities of the developing visual system. The strength of evidence varies substantially by outcome, and available data do not establish that prenatal tobacco exposure independently causes all reported visual disorders. Future studies should use objective exposure biomarkers, longitudinal designs and analytical approaches that distinguish direct effects from pathways mediated by prematurity and fetal growth restriction. Smoking cessation during pregnancy remains an important preventive intervention.
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BibTeX
@article{bomze2026prenatal,
title = {{Prenatal tobacco exposure and visual disorders in children.}},
author = {Zuzanna Bomze and Karolina Babik and Joanna Korniluk and Michał Woiński and Sara Omidi and Dorota Białas-Niedziela},
journal = {European journal of pediatrics},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1007/s00431-026-07561-7},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42919985},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Prenatal tobacco exposure and visual disorders in children.
AU - Zuzanna Bomze
AU - Karolina Babik
AU - Joanna Korniluk
AU - Michał Woiński
AU - Sara Omidi
AU - Dorota Białas-Niedziela
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/24
JO - European journal of pediatrics
DO - 10.1007/s00431-026-07561-7
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42919985
AB - Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with adverse fetal and perinatal outcomes and may also affect visual system development in offspring. Increasing evidence suggests that prenatal tobacco exposure may also be associated with abnormalities of visual system development in children. However, the extent to which these associations reflect direct effects of tobacco exposure versus indirect pathways mediated by adverse perinatal outcomes remains uncertain. This narrative review summarizes the available evidence regarding the association between prenatal tobacco exposure and visual abnormalities in children, with particular emphasis on retinopathy of prematurity, strabismus, refractive errors, retinal nerve fiber layer abnormalities, and optic nerve hypoplasia. The most consistent evidence concerns retinopathy of prematurity and strabismus, although interpretation is complicated by prematurity, fetal growth restriction, neonatal morbidity, and residual confounding. Evidence regarding refractive errors and amblyopia is less consistent, while data on structural visual pathway abnormalities remain limited. Proposed mechanisms include vascular dysfunction, altered cholinergic signaling, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired neurodevelopment.Conclusion: Prenatal tobacco exposure may be associated with selected functional and structural abnormalities of the developing visual system. The strength of evidence varies substantially by outcome, and available data do not establish that prenatal tobacco exposure independently causes all reported visual disorders. Future studies should use objective exposure biomarkers, longitudinal designs and analytical approaches that distinguish direct effects from pathways mediated by prematurity and fetal growth restriction. Smoking cessation during pregnancy remains an important preventive intervention.
SN - 0340-6199
SN - 1432-1076
ER -