When Is Maltreatment 'Acceptable'? Cross-Cultural Patterns in Child Maltreatment Exposure and its Perceived Social Acceptability Across 13 Countries and Regions
- 1Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Abstract
Child maltreatment (CM) is a global phenomenon, yet its prevalence, acceptability, and psychosocial consequences vary across cultures. This study examined self-reported CM, its perceived acceptability, and associations with psychosocial outcomes among 1,617 adults (Mage = 25.21, SD = 6.74) across 13 countries and regions. Participants completed an online survey assessing physical neglect, physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse, and witnessing domestic violence, alongside perceived acceptability, post-traumatic growth, resilience, perceived social support, post-traumatic symptoms, and psychological distress. Country/region differences were tested via mixed-effects; whether CM-outcome associations varied by country/region was tested via fixed-effects interaction models. Significant cross-country/region variability emerged for most CM subtypes, especially for emotional maltreatment. Witnessing domestic violence rates did not differ significantly, though its acceptability still varied significantly, as did all other types. Greater CM exposure was linked to poorer mental health for several subtypes and to greater acceptability of maltreatment, raising concerns about intergenerational normalisation. CM-outcome associations were largely consistent across countries/regions, with only isolated, exploratory exceptions. Findings show that while CMs adverse psychosocial impact shows little cross-national variation, its prevalence and normative framing are culturally shaped, underscoring the need for culturally sensitive assessment and intervention.
Impact statementChild maltreatment, including physical and emotional abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and witnessing domestic violence, affects children in every part of the world, yet most research on its effects comes from a small number of high-income, Western countries. This study surveyed 1,617 adults across 13 countries and regions spanning five continents, placing it among the most culturally diverse investigations to date of how child maltreatment is experienced, perceived, and linked to mental health.
The findings carry two practical messages. First: how common maltreatment is and how socially acceptable people consider it to be differs substantially across countries and regions. Policymakers, educators, and child-protection professionals who design and implement prevention and awareness efforts cannot rely on a single global template; they need to adapt to local norms around parenting and discipline. Second: the psychological harm caused by maltreatment, i.e., poorer mental health and greater psychological distress, was remarkably consistent across all 13 settings. This suggests that regardless of a cultures attitudes toward specific parenting practices, the damage maltreatment does to childrens wellbeing is a shared human experience, reinforcing the case for maltreatment prevention as a universal child health priority rather than a culturally relative one.
The study also found that people who experienced more maltreatment as children were more likely to view it as acceptable, raising concerns that abusive practices may be passed down between generations through shifting social norms, not only through the direct repetition of behaviour. This suggests an avenue for intervention: efforts that address attitudes and beliefs about discipline and family life, not just behaviour, may help break cycles of harm. Together, these findings can inform the design of culturally responsive screening tools, clinical training, and public health campaigns aimed at protecting children worldwide.
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BibTeX
@misc{jenkins2026when,
title = {{When Is Maltreatment 'Acceptable'? Cross-Cultural Patterns in Child Maltreatment Exposure and its Perceived Social Acceptability Across 13 Countries and Regions}},
author = {D. Jenkins and R. Langevin and S. R. Balle and J. O and S. Porat-Butman and E. Levy-Gigi and N. Makhasvili and U. Schnyder and M. Piccolo and S. Kamari Songhorabadi and F. Khormaei and G. Khayati and G. Ayas and T. Turk Kurtca and D. Ceylan and V. Sar and F.-O. Natalia E. and H. Sarah L and M. Pfaltz and B. Jansson and T. Tandon and M. Fernandez-Boente and C. Martin-Soelch and E. Bartoli and G. Spies and N. Iqbal and M. Oe and GCTS Child Trauma Network},
howpublished = {medRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.64898/2026.10.07.26364967},
url = {https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.07.26364967v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - When Is Maltreatment 'Acceptable'? Cross-Cultural Patterns in Child Maltreatment Exposure and its Perceived Social Acceptability Across 13 Countries and Regions
AU - D. Jenkins
AU - R. Langevin
AU - S. R. Balle
AU - J. O
AU - S. Porat-Butman
AU - E. Levy-Gigi
AU - N. Makhasvili
AU - U. Schnyder
AU - M. Piccolo
AU - S. Kamari Songhorabadi
AU - F. Khormaei
AU - G. Khayati
AU - G. Ayas
AU - T. Turk Kurtca
AU - D. Ceylan
AU - V. Sar
AU - F.-O. Natalia E.
AU - H. Sarah L
AU - M. Pfaltz
AU - B. Jansson
AU - T. Tandon
AU - M. Fernandez-Boente
AU - C. Martin-Soelch
AU - E. Bartoli
AU - G. Spies
AU - N. Iqbal
AU - M. Oe
AU - GCTS Child Trauma Network
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/07
PB - medRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.10.07.26364967
UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.07.26364967v1
AB - Child maltreatment (CM) is a global phenomenon, yet its prevalence, acceptability, and psychosocial consequences vary across cultures. This study examined self-reported CM, its perceived acceptability, and associations with psychosocial outcomes among 1,617 adults (Mage = 25.21, SD = 6.74) across 13 countries and regions. Participants completed an online survey assessing physical neglect, physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse, and witnessing domestic violence, alongside perceived acceptability, post-traumatic growth, resilience, perceived social support, post-traumatic symptoms, and psychological distress. Country/region differences were tested via mixed-effects; whether CM-outcome associations varied by country/region was tested via fixed-effects interaction models. Significant cross-country/region variability emerged for most CM subtypes, especially for emotional maltreatment. Witnessing domestic violence rates did not differ significantly, though its acceptability still varied significantly, as did all other types. Greater CM exposure was linked to poorer mental health for several subtypes and to greater acceptability of maltreatment, raising concerns about intergenerational normalisation. CM-outcome associations were largely consistent across countries/regions, with only isolated, exploratory exceptions. Findings show that while CMs adverse psychosocial impact shows little cross-national variation, its prevalence and normative framing are culturally shaped, underscoring the need for culturally sensitive assessment and intervention. Impact statementChild maltreatment, including physical and emotional abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and witnessing domestic violence, affects children in every part of the world, yet most research on its effects comes from a small number of high-income, Western countries. This study surveyed 1,617 adults across 13 countries and regions spanning five continents, placing it among the most culturally diverse investigations to date of how child maltreatment is experienced, perceived, and linked to mental health. The findings carry two practical messages. First: how common maltreatment is and how socially acceptable people consider it to be differs substantially across countries and regions. Policymakers, educators, and child-protection professionals who design and implement prevention and awareness efforts cannot rely on a single global template; they need to adapt to local norms around parenting and discipline. Second: the psychological harm caused by maltreatment, i.e., poorer mental health and greater psychological distress, was remarkably consistent across all 13 settings. This suggests that regardless of a cultures attitudes toward specific parenting practices, the damage maltreatment does to childrens wellbeing is a shared human experience, reinforcing the case for maltreatment prevention as a universal child health priority rather than a culturally relative one. The study also found that people who experienced more maltreatment as children were more likely to view it as acceptable, raising concerns that abusive practices may be passed down between generations through shifting social norms, not only through the direct repetition of behaviour. This suggests an avenue for intervention: efforts that address attitudes and beliefs about discipline and family life, not just behaviour, may help break cycles of harm. Together, these findings can inform the design of culturally responsive screening tools, clinical training, and public health campaigns aimed at protecting children worldwide.
ER -