Phase Equilibria and Morphology of the TPU–Tactix–DGEBA Ternary System: Interference Approach and SEM Analysis
- 1Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCE RAS), 31-4, Leninsky prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia
Abstract
Combining epoxy oligomers with various functionality and thermoplastic modifiers enables targeted regulation of the architecture of polymer networks and the phase structure of composites. A comprehensive interference–microscopic approach is proposed for studying phase equilibria, diffusion characteristics, and structure formation kinetics in the ternary system thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)–trifunctional epoxy oligomer (Tactix)–difunctional epoxy oligomer (DGEBA) cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). It may provide control of the morphology of epoxy compounds in a narrow concentration range without changing the chemical nature of the components. The TPU–Tactix–DGEBA system is found to be thermodynamically compatible over a wide temperature range. A ternary diagram is constructed, serving as a concentration map of the final morphologies. Four topological regions were experimentally identified and described. It has been shown that the addition of Tactix (more than 30 vol.%) accelerates the onset of thermodynamic incompatibility and shifts the point of phase separation to lower conversion levels (from 22% to 15%). It was established that the average domain size of the dispersed phase (from 0.15 to 0.6 µm) is controlled by the relationship between the time to reach thermodynamic incompatibility and the kinetic inhibition of diffusion as conversion increases. The proposed approach demonstrates the possibility of precisely altering the morphology of epoxy compounds within a narrow concentration range (within 10 vol.%) without altering the chemical nature of the initial components.
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BibTeX
@article{ponomarenko2026phase,
title = {{Phase Equilibria and Morphology of the TPU–Tactix–DGEBA Ternary System: Interference Approach and SEM Analysis}},
author = {Artem D. Ponomarenko and Irina O. Plyusnina and Uliana V. Nikulova and Aleksey V. Shapagin},
journal = {Polymers},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/polym18202605},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2605},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Phase Equilibria and Morphology of the TPU–Tactix–DGEBA Ternary System: Interference Approach and SEM Analysis
AU - Artem D. Ponomarenko
AU - Irina O. Plyusnina
AU - Uliana V. Nikulova
AU - Aleksey V. Shapagin
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/21
JO - Polymers
DO - 10.3390/polym18202605
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2605
AB - Combining epoxy oligomers with various functionality and thermoplastic modifiers enables targeted regulation of the architecture of polymer networks and the phase structure of composites. A comprehensive interference–microscopic approach is proposed for studying phase equilibria, diffusion characteristics, and structure formation kinetics in the ternary system thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)–trifunctional epoxy oligomer (Tactix)–difunctional epoxy oligomer (DGEBA) cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS). It may provide control of the morphology of epoxy compounds in a narrow concentration range without changing the chemical nature of the components. The TPU–Tactix–DGEBA system is found to be thermodynamically compatible over a wide temperature range. A ternary diagram is constructed, serving as a concentration map of the final morphologies. Four topological regions were experimentally identified and described. It has been shown that the addition of Tactix (more than 30 vol.%) accelerates the onset of thermodynamic incompatibility and shifts the point of phase separation to lower conversion levels (from 22% to 15%). It was established that the average domain size of the dispersed phase (from 0.15 to 0.6 µm) is controlled by the relationship between the time to reach thermodynamic incompatibility and the kinetic inhibition of diffusion as conversion increases. The proposed approach demonstrates the possibility of precisely altering the morphology of epoxy compounds within a narrow concentration range (within 10 vol.%) without altering the chemical nature of the initial components.
SN - 2073-4360
ER -