Fabrication and application of an ionic liquid-agarose-glycerin composite for the liquid phase microextraction of fluoroquinolones from water and wastewater samples prior to HPLC-PDA.
6 affiliations
- 1Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran [email protected] +98 41 33393110.
- 2Pharmaceutical Chemistry Branch, College of Pharmacy, University of Misan Iraq.
- 3Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran [email protected].
- 4New Material and Green Chemistry Research Center, Khazar University 41 Mehseti Street Baku AZ1096 Azerbaijan.
- 5Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran.
- 6Engineering Faculty, Near East University Mersin 10 Nicosia 99138 North Cyprus Turkey.
Abstract
In the present study, a new extraction procedure was developed by preparing a cylinder gel composed of agarose, glycerol, and a hydrophobic ionic liquid. The agarose-glycerol matrix serves as a solid support that entraps the ionic liquid within its three-dimensional network; upon heating, the gel gradually softened and released the ionic liquid into the aqueous solution of analytes, where it acted as a micro-extractant. This approach was applied for the simultaneous preconcentration and extraction of two fluoroquinolone antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, from water and wastewater samples. Key parameters affecting extraction efficiency, including ionic liquid type, ionic liquid loading volume, salt concentration, sample temperature, pH, number of gel migration cycles, and elution solvent type and volume, were systematically optimized. Under the optimal conditions, limits of detection for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were 0.09 and 0.06 ng mL⁻¹ and limits of quantification were 0.29 and 0.19 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The linear ranges of calibration curves were 0.29-150 and 0.19-150 ng mL⁻¹ with determination coefficients of 0.991 and 0.985, respectively. The extraction recoveries were 79 ± 4% for ciprofloxacin and 87 ± 5% (n = 3) for enrofloxacin. The method was validated in real samples (pharmaceutical wastewater, tap water, river water, and dam water) spiked at two levels (5 and 25 ng mL⁻¹ of each analyte), yielding relative recoveries in the range of 89-107%, confirming its effectiveness in complex matrices. The proposed technique offered high sensitivity, acceptable repeatability, and negligible organic solvent consumption, making it a green and efficient alternative for monitoring antibiotic residues in environmental waters.
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BibTeX
@article{alghrairi2026fabrication,
title = {{Fabrication and application of an ionic liquid-agarose-glycerin composite for the liquid phase microextraction of fluoroquinolones from water and wastewater samples prior to HPLC-PDA.}},
author = {Amal Al-Ghrairi and Saeed Mohammad Sorouraddin and Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam and Mir Ali Farajzadeh},
journal = {RSC advances},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra06858h},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921203},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Fabrication and application of an ionic liquid-agarose-glycerin composite for the liquid phase microextraction of fluoroquinolones from water and wastewater samples prior to HPLC-PDA.
AU - Amal Al-Ghrairi
AU - Saeed Mohammad Sorouraddin
AU - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
AU - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/23
JO - RSC advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra06858h
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921203
AB - In the present study, a new extraction procedure was developed by preparing a cylinder gel composed of agarose, glycerol, and a hydrophobic ionic liquid. The agarose-glycerol matrix serves as a solid support that entraps the ionic liquid within its three-dimensional network; upon heating, the gel gradually softened and released the ionic liquid into the aqueous solution of analytes, where it acted as a micro-extractant. This approach was applied for the simultaneous preconcentration and extraction of two fluoroquinolone antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, from water and wastewater samples. Key parameters affecting extraction efficiency, including ionic liquid type, ionic liquid loading volume, salt concentration, sample temperature, pH, number of gel migration cycles, and elution solvent type and volume, were systematically optimized. Under the optimal conditions, limits of detection for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were 0.09 and 0.06 ng mL⁻¹ and limits of quantification were 0.29 and 0.19 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The linear ranges of calibration curves were 0.29-150 and 0.19-150 ng mL⁻¹ with determination coefficients of 0.991 and 0.985, respectively. The extraction recoveries were 79 ± 4% for ciprofloxacin and 87 ± 5% (n = 3) for enrofloxacin. The method was validated in real samples (pharmaceutical wastewater, tap water, river water, and dam water) spiked at two levels (5 and 25 ng mL⁻¹ of each analyte), yielding relative recoveries in the range of 89-107%, confirming its effectiveness in complex matrices. The proposed technique offered high sensitivity, acceptable repeatability, and negligible organic solvent consumption, making it a green and efficient alternative for monitoring antibiotic residues in environmental waters.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -