Data-driven optimization of a biomass–geothermal system for power and green ammonia production
7 affiliations
- 1Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il
- 2College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)
- 3Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Cihan University-Erbil
- 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Zakho
- 5Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah
- 6Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University
- 7Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University
Abstract
This study presents a hybrid biomass–geothermal energy system for simultaneous power generation and ammonia production. The system integrates biomass conversion via gasification or anaerobic digestion, a gas turbine cycle, a geothermal-assisted organic Rankine cycle (ORC), thermoelectric generation, water electrolysis for hydrogen production, and catalytic ammonia synthesis. An optimization framework combining surrogate-based modeling and a metaheuristic algorithm is developed to determine optimal operating conditions. The system’s performance is evaluated in terms of net power output, thermodynamic efficiency, product cost, and environmental impact under a gate-to-gate boundary. The developed framework enables the evaluation of multi-generation energy systems and supports decision-making for sustainable energy planning. The optimization results demonstrate that the proposed integrated system can achieve a maximum net power output of 16.34 MW, an exergy efficiency of 48.43%, a minimum product cost of 19.03 $/GJ, and a minimum emission index of 0.4005 kg/kWh under scenarios. Comparative analysis shows that the digester-based configuration outperforms the gasifier-based system due to higher methane content and improved combustion characteristics. Overall, the results indicate that the proposed hybrid system offers a promising pathway for sustainable power and green ammonia production with improved thermodynamic and environmental performance.
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BibTeX
@article{bouazzi2026datadriven,
title = {{Data-driven optimization of a biomass–geothermal system for power and green ammonia production}},
author = {Yassine Bouazzi and Karim Kriaa and Saman Ahmad Aminian and Ali I. Hameed and Mohamed Shaban and Husam Rajab and Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh and Khalil Hajlaoui},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-70407-7},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70407-7},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Data-driven optimization of a biomass–geothermal system for power and green ammonia production
AU - Yassine Bouazzi
AU - Karim Kriaa
AU - Saman Ahmad Aminian
AU - Ali I. Hameed
AU - Mohamed Shaban
AU - Husam Rajab
AU - Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh
AU - Khalil Hajlaoui
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/01
JO - Scientific Reports
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-70407-7
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70407-7
AB - This study presents a hybrid biomass–geothermal energy system for simultaneous power generation and ammonia production. The system integrates biomass conversion via gasification or anaerobic digestion, a gas turbine cycle, a geothermal-assisted organic Rankine cycle (ORC), thermoelectric generation, water electrolysis for hydrogen production, and catalytic ammonia synthesis. An optimization framework combining surrogate-based modeling and a metaheuristic algorithm is developed to determine optimal operating conditions. The system’s performance is evaluated in terms of net power output, thermodynamic efficiency, product cost, and environmental impact under a gate-to-gate boundary. The developed framework enables the evaluation of multi-generation energy systems and supports decision-making for sustainable energy planning. The optimization results demonstrate that the proposed integrated system can achieve a maximum net power output of 16.34 MW, an exergy efficiency of 48.43%, a minimum product cost of 19.03 $/GJ, and a minimum emission index of 0.4005 kg/kWh under scenarios. Comparative analysis shows that the digester-based configuration outperforms the gasifier-based system due to higher methane content and improved combustion characteristics. Overall, the results indicate that the proposed hybrid system offers a promising pathway for sustainable power and green ammonia production with improved thermodynamic and environmental performance.
SN - 2045-2322
ER -