A Self-Sustaining Black Hole Engine Powered by the Tidal Disruptions of Stars
Abstract
Tidal disruption events (TDEs) strongly prefer host galaxies undergoing, or recovering from, a burst of star formation, implying that a rare minority of galaxy types produces most events. The required per-galaxy rates, as high as 10−2 gal−1 yr−1, are hard to achieve through stellar relaxation alone. Molecular clouds surrounding nuclear clusters help set the relaxation rate, offering a path to higher rates. We show that (post-)starburst galaxies, whose nearby prototypes contain large molecular gas reservoirs, are likely in a self-sustaining cycle: an enhanced disruption rate compresses the surrounding clouds through momentum injected by the unbound debris, the denser clouds compress the cluster, and the cluster disrupts stars faster still. The runaway is arrested only when stars begin to collide. Solving for the steady state, the rate saturates at 1.4×10−2(Mh/106M⊙)−0.84 yr−1, two orders of magnitude above the canonical rate at 106M⊙, with a normalization uncertain by a further two orders of magnitude through the stellar collision rate. Three independent requirements --- that tidal debris outweigh AGN feedback, that the molecular clouds fit within the disk that holds them, and that the cusp be no denser than observed nuclei --- bound the flattening of the stellar cusp to 0.18 ≲ f∗ ≲ 0.25. Because no engine can run below a threshold black hole mass, holes seeded beneath it stay dark until accretion carries them across, switching on after ∼ 1 Gyr and offering a natural explanation for the late peak recently measured in the TDE delay time distribution. The nucleus is buried under AV ≃ 50 whatever its geometry, so most such disruptions should be hidden from optical surveys and emerge instead in the infrared.
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BibTeX
@misc{guillochon2026selfsustaining,
title = {{A Self-Sustaining Black Hole Engine Powered by the Tidal Disruptions of Stars}},
author = {James Guillochon and Avi Loeb},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2608.28947},
eprint = {2608.28947},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28947},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - A Self-Sustaining Black Hole Engine Powered by the Tidal Disruptions of Stars
AU - James Guillochon
AU - Avi Loeb
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/28
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2608.28947
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28947
AB - Tidal disruption events (TDEs) strongly prefer host galaxies undergoing, or recovering from, a burst of star formation, implying that a rare minority of galaxy types produces most events. The required per-galaxy rates, as high as 10^−2 gal^−1 yr^−1, are hard to achieve through stellar relaxation alone. Molecular clouds surrounding nuclear clusters help set the relaxation rate, offering a path to higher rates. We show that (post-)starburst galaxies, whose nearby prototypes contain large molecular gas reservoirs, are likely in a self-sustaining cycle: an enhanced disruption rate compresses the surrounding clouds through momentum injected by the unbound debris, the denser clouds compress the cluster, and the cluster disrupts stars faster still. The runaway is arrested only when stars begin to collide. Solving for the steady state, the rate saturates at 1.4×10^−2(M_h/10^6M_⊙)^−0.84 yr^−1, two orders of magnitude above the canonical rate at 10^6M_⊙, with a normalization uncertain by a further two orders of magnitude through the stellar collision rate. Three independent requirements --- that tidal debris outweigh AGN feedback, that the molecular clouds fit within the disk that holds them, and that the cusp be no denser than observed nuclei --- bound the flattening of the stellar cusp to 0.18 ≲ f_∗ ≲ 0.25. Because no engine can run below a threshold black hole mass, holes seeded beneath it stay dark until accretion carries them across, switching on after ∼ 1 Gyr and offering a natural explanation for the late peak recently measured in the TDE delay time distribution. The nucleus is buried under A_V ≃ 50 whatever its geometry, so most such disruptions should be hidden from optical surveys and emerge instead in the infrared.
ER -