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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Molecules

Synthesis of Borneol Mandelate and Its Acute Toxicity to Zebrafish

  • Rongxiu Qin1,2
  • Weiqi Liu1,2
  • Rusi Wen1,2
  • Junkang Xie1,2
  • Zhonglei Meng1,2
  1. 1Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China
  2. 2Guangxi Laboratory of Forestry, Nanning 530002, China
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Abstract

This study reports the synthesis of borneol mandelate from L-borneol, (R)-(-)-mandelic acid, and titanium sulfate, along with its characterization and acute toxicity assessment in zebrafish. The product was quantified by GC and structurally confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Optimization of the reaction parameters revealed that the highest crude product purity (91.7% by GC) was achieved under the following conditions: chloroform as solvent, mandelic acid-to-borneol molar ratio of 1.5:1, titanium sulfate-to-borneol mass ratio of 0.15:1, and a reaction time of 9 h. Acute toxicity testing on zebrafish showed that borneol mandelate exhibited a maximum non-lethal concentration (MNLC) of 29.6 μM and a 10% lethal concentration (LC10) of 31.2 μM. Treated zebrafish displayed multiple adverse effects, including decreased blood flow, microphthalmia, hepatic atrophy, delayed yolk sac resorption, and behavioral disturbances.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{qin2026synthesis,
  title = {{Synthesis of Borneol Mandelate and Its Acute Toxicity to Zebrafish}},
  author = {Rongxiu Qin and Weiqi Liu and Rusi Wen and Junkang Xie and Zhonglei Meng},
  journal = {Molecules},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/molecules31203595},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3595},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Synthesis of Borneol Mandelate and Its Acute Toxicity to Zebrafish
AU  - Rongxiu Qin
AU  - Weiqi Liu
AU  - Rusi Wen
AU  - Junkang Xie
AU  - Zhonglei Meng
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Molecules
DO  - 10.3390/molecules31203595
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3595
AB  - This study reports the synthesis of borneol mandelate from L-borneol, (R)-(-)-mandelic acid, and titanium sulfate, along with its characterization and acute toxicity assessment in zebrafish. The product was quantified by GC and structurally confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Optimization of the reaction parameters revealed that the highest crude product purity (91.7% by GC) was achieved under the following conditions: chloroform as solvent, mandelic acid-to-borneol molar ratio of 1.5:1, titanium sulfate-to-borneol mass ratio of 0.15:1, and a reaction time of 9 h. Acute toxicity testing on zebrafish showed that borneol mandelate exhibited a maximum non-lethal concentration (MNLC) of 29.6 μM and a 10% lethal concentration (LC10) of 31.2 μM. Treated zebrafish displayed multiple adverse effects, including decreased blood flow, microphthalmia, hepatic atrophy, delayed yolk sac resorption, and behavioral disturbances.
SN  - 1420-3049
ER  -