Tri-Hybrid Beamforming Design for Large-Scale MIMO ISAC Systems
Abstract
Tri-hybrid multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) architectures have been proposed as a promising solution for enabling energy-efficient communications systems in large-scale antenna arrays by replacing conventional antenna arrays in hybrid beamforming (HBF) systems with low-cost dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs). In this work, we investigate beamforming design for integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) systems based on tri-HBF architectures, with the objective of jointly enhancing the communications sum rate and sensing sum mutual information. Specifically, we formulate a weighted multi-objective optimization problem that balances communications throughput and sensing mutual information, subject to a total transmit power consumption constraint and the physical limitations inherent to tri-HBF architectures. By exploiting the problem structure, we develop an efficient iterative algorithm with closed-form updates to solve the non-convex optimization problem with low complexity. Numerical results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed tri-HBF architecture in various setups. The results demonstrate that the proposed tri-HBF architecture can achieve significant improvement in energy efficiency (EE) compared to the conventional hybrid MIMO and DMA-only configurations, at the cost of minor degradations in sum rate and sensing mutual information.
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BibTeX
@misc{fang2026trihybrid,
title = {{Tri-Hybrid Beamforming Design for Large-Scale MIMO ISAC Systems}},
author = {Tianyu Fang and Mengyuan Ma and Markku Juntti and Inkyu Lee and Joonhyuk Kang and Nhan Thanh Nguyen},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.20092},
eprint = {2609.20092},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.20092},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Tri-Hybrid Beamforming Design for Large-Scale MIMO ISAC Systems
AU - Tianyu Fang
AU - Mengyuan Ma
AU - Markku Juntti
AU - Inkyu Lee
AU - Joonhyuk Kang
AU - Nhan Thanh Nguyen
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/17
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.20092
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.20092
AB - Tri-hybrid multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) architectures have been proposed as a promising solution for enabling energy-efficient communications systems in large-scale antenna arrays by replacing conventional antenna arrays in hybrid beamforming (HBF) systems with low-cost dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs). In this work, we investigate beamforming design for integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) systems based on tri-HBF architectures, with the objective of jointly enhancing the communications sum rate and sensing sum mutual information. Specifically, we formulate a weighted multi-objective optimization problem that balances communications throughput and sensing mutual information, subject to a total transmit power consumption constraint and the physical limitations inherent to tri-HBF architectures. By exploiting the problem structure, we develop an efficient iterative algorithm with closed-form updates to solve the non-convex optimization problem with low complexity. Numerical results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed tri-HBF architecture in various setups. The results demonstrate that the proposed tri-HBF architecture can achieve significant improvement in energy efficiency (EE) compared to the conventional hybrid MIMO and DMA-only configurations, at the cost of minor degradations in sum rate and sensing mutual information.
ER -