Temporal Dynamics of Emerging Cardiovascular Biomarkers in the Early Phase After Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Single-Center Pilot Study

@article{zivkovic2026temporal,
  title = {{Temporal Dynamics of Emerging Cardiovascular Biomarkers in the Early Phase After Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Single-Center Pilot Study}},
  author = {Stefan S. Zivkovic and Vojko V. Misevic and Kosta S. Krupnikovic and Aleksa D. Obradovic and Milos D. Babic and Bojana D. Saroskovic and Andjelka M. Isakovic and Vedrana R. Pavlovic and Milica N. Dekleva and Goran M. Loncar and Milan R. Dobric and Petar M. Otasevic and Milovan M. Bojic and Gordana G. Mihajlovic},
  journal = {Cells},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/cells15201868},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/15/20/1868},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Temporal Dynamics of Emerging Cardiovascular Biomarkers in the Early Phase After Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Single-Center Pilot Study
AU  - Stefan S. Zivkovic
AU  - Vojko V. Misevic
AU  - Kosta S. Krupnikovic
AU  - Aleksa D. Obradovic
AU  - Milos D. Babic
AU  - Bojana D. Saroskovic
AU  - Andjelka M. Isakovic
AU  - Vedrana R. Pavlovic
AU  - Milica N. Dekleva
AU  - Goran M. Loncar
AU  - Milan R. Dobric
AU  - Petar M. Otasevic
AU  - Milovan M. Bojic
AU  - Gordana G. Mihajlovic
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/14
JO  - Cells
DO  - 10.3390/cells15201868
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/15/20/1868
AB  - Introduction: Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI), early myocardial injury and stress may contribute to left ventricular dysfunction. The optimal timing of biomarker assessment after STEMI remains uncertain. Objective: To characterize the early kinetics of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (sST2), galectin-3 (Gal-3), mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) during the first 96 h after STEMI and identify potentially informative sampling time points for future prognostic assessment. Secondary, exploratory objectives were to evaluate differences in biomarker concentrations according to symptom duration, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and infarct-related artery. Methods: In this prospective, single-center, exploratory pilot study, patients aged 18–75 years with first STEMI treated with pPCI within 6 h of symptom onset were enrolled between September 2024 and November 2025. Blood samples were collected at admission and 12 ± 4, 24 ± 4, 48 ± 8, and 96 ± 8 h after pPCI. Biomarkers were measured by ELISA, with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) as a reference marker of myocardial injury. Results: Of 46 enrolled patients, 16 were excluded, mostly due to early discharge, and 30 patients with complete samples at all five time points were included in the analysis (mean age 57.9 ± 11.1 years; 66.7% male). sST2, MR-proADM, and hs-cTnI showed significant temporal variation (all p < 0.001), with the highest measured concentrations of sST2 at 12 h and of MR-proADM at 24 h. No significant change over time was found for Gal-3 and GDF-15. In exploratory analyses, sST2 and MR-proADM concentrations were higher in patients with LVEF < 40%, and sST2 concentrations were higher in patients with left anterior descending artery (LAD) infarction. Symptom duration was not associated with biomarker concentrations. Conclusions: sST2 and MR-proADM show distinct early post-STEMI kinetics, suggesting potentially informative sampling windows for future prognostic studies. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these kinetics and the exploratory differences according to left ventricular function and infarct location, and to evaluate the prognostic value of these sampling windows with echocardiographic and clinical follow-up.
SN  - 2073-4409
ER  -