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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Cureus

Valvular Heart Disease and the Importance of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Cardiovascular Rehabilitation

  • Bruno Bordoni1,2
  • Bruno Morabito3,4
  • Luigi Pianese5
  • Gianmarco Cannadoro6
  • Allan R Escher7,8
8 affiliations
  1. 1Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, ITA
  2. 2Cardiovascular Medicine, Associazione Italiana di Riabilitazione Cardiovascolare, Milan, ITA
  3. 3Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Milan, ITA
  4. 4Cardiovascular Medicine, Associazione Italiana di Riabilitazione Cardiovascolare, Rome, ITA
  5. 5Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Research, Rome, ITA
  6. 6Cardiopneumology, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, ITA
  7. 7Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, USA
  8. 8Anesthesiology/Pain Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
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Abstract

Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a major cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Treatment is either surgical or transcatheter, as there is currently no conservative pharmacological approach. Cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR) is indicated before or after invasive medical interventions to facilitate the patient's functional recovery. While CR is common practice for many cardiovascular conditions, guidelines specifically addressing VHD are lacking. Another gap concerns the use of inspiratory muscle training (IMT).

This narrative review discusses the importance of routinely incorporating IMT into CR programmes, offering hypotheses and recommendations for setting IMT parameters from the perspective of the Italian Association for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation (AIRC). Further research is needed to improve our understanding of rehabilitation and VHD.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{bordoni2026valvular,
  title = {{Valvular Heart Disease and the Importance of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Cardiovascular Rehabilitation}},
  author = {Bruno Bordoni and Bruno Morabito and Luigi Pianese and Gianmarco Cannadoro and Allan R Escher},
  journal = {Cureus},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.7759/cureus.119102},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.119102},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Valvular Heart Disease and the Importance of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Cardiovascular Rehabilitation
AU  - Bruno Bordoni
AU  - Bruno Morabito
AU  - Luigi Pianese
AU  - Gianmarco Cannadoro
AU  - Allan R Escher
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/04
JO  - Cureus
DO  - 10.7759/cureus.119102
UR  - https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.119102
AB  - Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a major cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Treatment is either surgical or transcatheter, as there is currently no conservative pharmacological approach. Cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR) is indicated before or after invasive medical interventions to facilitate the patient's functional recovery. While CR is common practice for many cardiovascular conditions, guidelines specifically addressing VHD are lacking. Another gap concerns the use of inspiratory muscle training (IMT).  This narrative review discusses the importance of routinely incorporating IMT into CR programmes, offering hypotheses and recommendations for setting IMT parameters from the perspective of the Italian Association for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation (AIRC). Further research is needed to improve our understanding of rehabilitation and VHD.
SN  - 2168-8184
ER  -