The variance of the CMB temperature gradient: a dependence on the spatial orientation and anisotropy of a multiply connected Universe
Abstract
In the present work we develop a model--independent method to reveal the underlying patterns of anisotropy and geometry in CMB temperature maps. This method, based on the rho-statistics and a process of mask--sweeping, unveils faint but persistent geometrical and periodic structures characterising the anisotropy of the CMB in a universe with 3-torus topology. We assess that the patterns detected over large ensembles of toroidal maps match geometrically to the layouts of expected circles-in-the-sky. The mask--sweeping method explores the whole CMB over 768 mask orientations. Thus we are able to re-verify the linear relation between L the size of the cubic torus and rho the standard deviation of the normalised variance of the CMB temperature gradient. This confers a finite size s of approximately 3 Hubble lengths to our Universe with toroidal topology. Furthermore, it is shown that the violation of statistical isotropy is so faint that this has almost no influence on the linear relation between rho and L. A topology like the cubic toroidal one imposes to our Universe periodic conditions (that can be seen as periodic boundary conditions) which constrain the global degree of inhomogeneity and a zero average curvature. We demonstrate here that rho is not only a statistical signature of the spatial finiteness and size of our Universe (may its topology be simply or multiply connected) but also outlines the patterns of anisotropy of the CMB with the help of the mask--sweeping process.
Versions
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BibTeX
@article{aurich2026variance,
title = {{The variance of the CMB temperature gradient: a dependence on the spatial orientation and anisotropy of a multiply connected Universe}},
author = {Ralf Aurich and Martin J France and Frank Steiner},
journal = {Class.Quant.Grav.},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1088/1361-6382/ae9fac},
eprint = {2610.12179},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://hal.science/hal-05828870v1},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - The variance of the CMB temperature gradient: a dependence on the spatial orientation and anisotropy of a multiply connected Universe
AU - Ralf Aurich
AU - Martin J France
AU - Frank Steiner
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/08
JO - Class.Quant.Grav.
DO - 10.1088/1361-6382/ae9fac
UR - https://hal.science/hal-05828870v1
AB - In the present work we develop a model--independent method to reveal the underlying patterns of anisotropy and geometry in CMB temperature maps. This method, based on the rho-statistics and a process of mask--sweeping, unveils faint but persistent geometrical and periodic structures characterising the anisotropy of the CMB in a universe with 3-torus topology. We assess that the patterns detected over large ensembles of toroidal maps match geometrically to the layouts of expected circles-in-the-sky. The mask--sweeping method explores the whole CMB over 768 mask orientations. Thus we are able to re-verify the linear relation between L the size of the cubic torus and rho the standard deviation of the normalised variance of the CMB temperature gradient. This confers a finite size s of approximately 3 Hubble lengths to our Universe with toroidal topology. Furthermore, it is shown that the violation of statistical isotropy is so faint that this has almost no influence on the linear relation between rho and L. A topology like the cubic toroidal one imposes to our Universe periodic conditions (that can be seen as periodic boundary conditions) which constrain the global degree of inhomogeneity and a zero average curvature. We demonstrate here that rho is not only a statistical signature of the spatial finiteness and size of our Universe (may its topology be simply or multiply connected) but also outlines the patterns of anisotropy of the CMB with the help of the mask--sweeping process.
ER -