An All-Atom Model of the Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Aerogel Skeleton from DFT and Molecular Dynamics: Validation and Iron Incorporation
Abstract
Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) aerogels are lightweight, ultra-porous thermal superinsulators whose complex amorphous structure has not yet been described at the all-atom level. Here, we build an all-atom model of the RF aerogel skeleton by combining density functional theory (DFT) and classical molecular dynamics (MD), validate it against experimental infrared and density measurements, and use it to study the incorporation of iron dopants. The RF base unit was optimized with Gaussian, DMol3 and SIESTA, and its calculated infrared spectrum agreed with experiment. Comparing classical force fields with DFT for branched systems of two to four base units (140-278 atoms) led to the choice of COMPASS II. A 15,012-atom system of 54 branched RF units, not cross-linked to each other, aggregated into a single cluster in the canonical (NVT) ensemble and reached an equilibrium density of 1.296 g.cm−3 in the isobaric-isothermal (NPT) ensemble, in agreement with the experimental skeletal density (1.3 g.cm−3). Then, 5 wt% iron (109 atoms) was added to the equilibrated structure: during 1 ns of NPT simulation, the fraction of iron atoms embedded in the skeleton rose from 63% to 71%, and the Fe-C radial distribution function peaked at 3 Å. The model thus provides an experimentally supported starting point for screening fillers and dopants in RF gels, with prospective application to their thermoelectric functionalization, which we have previously demonstrated experimentally with basalt and PANOX fibres. Future extensions could address skeleton properties relevant to thermal insulation and the pyrolysis of RF gels into carbon and metal-doped carbon aerogels.
Related
- Early oxidation and fast carbon incorporation in nickel nanoparticles: A ReaxFF molecular dynamics study
- Development of a Portable Multi-Detector for Indoor Air Quality Monitoring in Schools: Preliminary Results About Formaldehyde Measurements
- Accurate modeling of ion-protein binding in solution: molecular mechanics force field innovation and validation on Mg2+
- Enhanced microfluidic heat sinks with a bio-inspired metal skeleton toward thermal management of flexible electronics
- The Spectral Skeleton of Chaos: Koopman Wave Packets on Poincaré Sections
BibTeX
@misc{athar2026allatom,
title = {{An All-Atom Model of the Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Aerogel Skeleton from DFT and Molecular Dynamics: Validation and Iron Incorporation}},
author = {Shoeb Athar and Jérémy Guazzagaloppa and Philippe Jund},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.06277},
eprint = {2611.06277},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.06277},
note = {CC BY-NC-SA 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - An All-Atom Model of the Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Aerogel Skeleton from DFT and Molecular Dynamics: Validation and Iron Incorporation
AU - Shoeb Athar
AU - Jérémy Guazzagaloppa
AU - Philippe Jund
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/04
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.06277
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.06277
AB - Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) aerogels are lightweight, ultra-porous thermal superinsulators whose complex amorphous structure has not yet been described at the all-atom level. Here, we build an all-atom model of the RF aerogel skeleton by combining density functional theory (DFT) and classical molecular dynamics (MD), validate it against experimental infrared and density measurements, and use it to study the incorporation of iron dopants. The RF base unit was optimized with Gaussian, DMol^3 and SIESTA, and its calculated infrared spectrum agreed with experiment. Comparing classical force fields with DFT for branched systems of two to four base units (140-278 atoms) led to the choice of COMPASS II. A 15,012-atom system of 54 branched RF units, not cross-linked to each other, aggregated into a single cluster in the canonical (NVT) ensemble and reached an equilibrium density of 1.296 g.cm^−3 in the isobaric-isothermal (NPT) ensemble, in agreement with the experimental skeletal density (1.3 g.cm^−3). Then, 5 wt% iron (109 atoms) was added to the equilibrated structure: during 1 ns of NPT simulation, the fraction of iron atoms embedded in the skeleton rose from 63% to 71%, and the Fe-C radial distribution function peaked at 3 Å. The model thus provides an experimentally supported starting point for screening fillers and dopants in RF gels, with prospective application to their thermoelectric functionalization, which we have previously demonstrated experimentally with basalt and PANOX fibres. Future extensions could address skeleton properties relevant to thermal insulation and the pyrolysis of RF gels into carbon and metal-doped carbon aerogels.
ER -