Green synthesis and characterization of Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles using Cuminum cyminum seed for antimicrobial and cytotoxic evaluation.
6 affiliations
- 1Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Punjab, Multan, 60750, Punjab, Pakistan. [email protected].
- 2Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 3Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Punjab, Multan, 60750, Punjab, Pakistan. [email protected].
- 4Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Punjab, Multan, 60750, Punjab, Pakistan.
- 5Energy Lab, Green Technologies and Advanced Matter (GREAT) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia.
- 6Department of Chemistry, CNCS, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 231, Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia. [email protected].
Abstract
Green synthesis provides an alternative to traditional chemical processes of nanomaterials preparation, which is cost-effective and environmentally benign. This paper has demonstrated synthesis of bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Bi₂O₃ NPs) using Cuminum cyminum seed extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent of bismuth nitrate precursor. The formation of nanoparticles was first signaled by a change of color of reaction mixture to be visible and subsequent analysis by physicochemical characterization. The UV-Visible spectroscopy displayed absorbance at 300 nm, and FTIR gave results that showed Bi-O-related absorption and phytochemical functional groups, which indicated the formation of bismuth oxide nanoparticles stabilized by plant-derived biomolecules. The crystalline character of the nanoparticles produced was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis with estimated crystallite size of approximately 136.9 nm. SEM analysis revealed irregular and strongly agglomerated structures. Image analysis of clearly distinguishable agglomerates indicated apparent dimensions of approximately 0.20-2.00 μm, with highest frequency in the 0.60-0.80 μm interval; however, individual primary particles could not be resolved reliably. The Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles biosynthesized had antimicrobial and antifungal effects against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger with Candida albicans being the most sensitive. Furthermore, cytotoxicity studies revealed that HeLa and MCF-7 cell proliferation were greatly inhibited by synthesized nanoparticles, which indicates the possibility of biomedical applications of the synthesized nanoparticles. All in all, this work shows an easy and environmentally friendly path to green synthesis of Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles using Cuminum cyminum seed extract and reflects on their potential to have antimicrobial and cytotoxic capabilities.
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BibTeX
@article{gohar2026green,
title = {{Green synthesis and characterization of Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles using Cuminum cyminum seed for antimicrobial and cytotoxic evaluation.}},
author = {Muhammad Gohar and Atika Mumtaz and Umar Asim and Kanwal Shahzadi and Sidra Majeed and Muhammad Ismail and Elias Assayahegn and Shabnam Javed},
journal = {Discover nano},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1186/s11671-026-05046-y},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42900446},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Green synthesis and characterization of Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles using Cuminum cyminum seed for antimicrobial and cytotoxic evaluation.
AU - Muhammad Gohar
AU - Atika Mumtaz
AU - Umar Asim
AU - Kanwal Shahzadi
AU - Sidra Majeed
AU - Muhammad Ismail
AU - Elias Assayahegn
AU - Shabnam Javed
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/20
JO - Discover nano
DO - 10.1186/s11671-026-05046-y
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42900446
AB - Green synthesis provides an alternative to traditional chemical processes of nanomaterials preparation, which is cost-effective and environmentally benign. This paper has demonstrated synthesis of bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Bi₂O₃ NPs) using Cuminum cyminum seed extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent of bismuth nitrate precursor. The formation of nanoparticles was first signaled by a change of color of reaction mixture to be visible and subsequent analysis by physicochemical characterization. The UV-Visible spectroscopy displayed absorbance at 300 nm, and FTIR gave results that showed Bi-O-related absorption and phytochemical functional groups, which indicated the formation of bismuth oxide nanoparticles stabilized by plant-derived biomolecules. The crystalline character of the nanoparticles produced was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis with estimated crystallite size of approximately 136.9 nm. SEM analysis revealed irregular and strongly agglomerated structures. Image analysis of clearly distinguishable agglomerates indicated apparent dimensions of approximately 0.20-2.00 μm, with highest frequency in the 0.60-0.80 μm interval; however, individual primary particles could not be resolved reliably. The Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles biosynthesized had antimicrobial and antifungal effects against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger with Candida albicans being the most sensitive. Furthermore, cytotoxicity studies revealed that HeLa and MCF-7 cell proliferation were greatly inhibited by synthesized nanoparticles, which indicates the possibility of biomedical applications of the synthesized nanoparticles. All in all, this work shows an easy and environmentally friendly path to green synthesis of Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles using Cuminum cyminum seed extract and reflects on their potential to have antimicrobial and cytotoxic capabilities.
SN - 2731-9229
ER -