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Peer-reviewedCC BYFrontiers in immunology

Microbiological mechanisms of immune response modulation: clinical implications

  • Aleksander Deptuła1
  • Aleksandra Ćwirko-Godycka2
  • Agata Majcherczak3
  • Amanda Zoń3
  • Wiktoria Rosiek4
  • Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran5
5 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Propaedeutics of Medicine and Infection Prevention, Collegium Medicum , ,
  2. 2Tczew Hospitals S.A. , ,
  3. 3University Hospital No. 2 Dr Jan Biziel , ,
  4. 4Student Research Club of Clinical Immunology, Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University , ,
  5. 5Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University , ,
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Abstract

The human microbiota is a major regulator of immune development, mucosal barrier integrity, and systemic immune tone. Its effects are mediated by microbe-associated molecular patterns, pattern-recognition receptors, microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan-derived indoles, secondary bile acids and vitamin-pathway metabolites, and direct interactions with epithelial and immune cells. A balanced microbiota supports regulatory T-cell responses, secretory IgA production, innate-like lymphocyte maturation and epithelial barrier function, whereas dysbiosis may promote barrier dysfunction, inflammatory polarization and abnormal responses to dietary, environmental or self-antigens. This narrative review integrates mechanistic and translational evidence across early-life immune maturation, innate and adaptive immune sensing, microbial metabolites, cross-kingdom interactions, gut-organ axes, immune-mediated diseases and microbiota-targeted interventions. Particular emphasis is placed on distinguishing mechanistic evidence from association. Although microbiome-directed therapies are promising, routine clinical translation requires standardized sampling and multi-omics workflows, controlled interventional studies, mechanistic validation, reproducible biomarkers and indication-specific evidence.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{deptula2026microbiological,
  title = {{Microbiological mechanisms of immune response modulation: clinical implications}},
  author = {Aleksander Deptuła and Aleksandra Ćwirko-Godycka and Agata Majcherczak and Amanda Zoń and Wiktoria Rosiek and Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran},
  journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2026.1927480},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13673331},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Microbiological mechanisms of immune response modulation: clinical implications
AU  - Aleksander Deptuła
AU  - Aleksandra Ćwirko-Godycka
AU  - Agata Majcherczak
AU  - Amanda Zoń
AU  - Wiktoria Rosiek
AU  - Katarzyna Napiórkowska-Baran
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/02
JO  - Frontiers in immunology
DO  - 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1927480
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13673331
AB  - The human microbiota is a major regulator of immune development, mucosal barrier integrity, and systemic immune tone. Its effects are mediated by microbe-associated molecular patterns, pattern-recognition receptors, microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan-derived indoles, secondary bile acids and vitamin-pathway metabolites, and direct interactions with epithelial and immune cells. A balanced microbiota supports regulatory T-cell responses, secretory IgA production, innate-like lymphocyte maturation and epithelial barrier function, whereas dysbiosis may promote barrier dysfunction, inflammatory polarization and abnormal responses to dietary, environmental or self-antigens. This narrative review integrates mechanistic and translational evidence across early-life immune maturation, innate and adaptive immune sensing, microbial metabolites, cross-kingdom interactions, gut-organ axes, immune-mediated diseases and microbiota-targeted interventions. Particular emphasis is placed on distinguishing mechanistic evidence from association. Although microbiome-directed therapies are promising, routine clinical translation requires standardized sampling and multi-omics workflows, controlled interventional studies, mechanistic validation, reproducible biomarkers and indication-specific evidence.
SN  - 1664-3224
ER  -