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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Catalysts

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Catalytic Evaluation of TiO2-Fe3O4 Hybrid Nanoparticles for AOP Applications

  • Daryl Rafael Osuna-Laveaga1,2
  • Naely Ameyalli Velasco-Cruz2
  • Edgar David Moreno-Medrano2
  • Mario Eduardo Cano-González3
  • Emma Rebeca Macías-Balleza4
  • Valeria Ojeda-Castillo5
  • María G. Pérez-García2
  • Fernando Espinola-Portilla2,6,7
7 affiliations
  1. 1Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Tlajomulco, Departamento de Sustentabilidad y Ciencias del Territorio, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga 45641, Jalisco, Mexico
  2. 2Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Tonalá 45425, Jalisco, Mexico
  3. 3Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Ocotlán 47810, Jalisco, Mexico
  4. 4Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
  5. 5Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Departamento de Estudios del Agua y de la Energía, Tonalá 45425, Jalisco, Mexico
  6. 6Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
  7. 7Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Instituto Transdisciplinar de Investigación y Servicios (ITRANS), Zapopan 45150, Jalisco, Mexico
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Abstract

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as technologies for the removal of pollutants in water systems due to their ability to generate hydroxyl radical (•OH). However, the catalytic behavior and synergistic interactions of hybrid nanomaterials in different AOPs remain insufficiently quantified. In this study, TiO2-Fe3O4 hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) were synthesized through a hydrothermal method and evaluated in Fenton, photocatalysis, and photo-Fenton processes. Three formulations (TiO2 to Fe3O4 1:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25) were prepared to investigate the influence of content on catalytic activity by indirectly quantifying •OH generation through 7-hydroxycoumarin formation. Physicochemical, structural and magnetic characterization shows a possible formation of core–satellite like and Janus-like HNPs with superparamagnetic behavior. Among the evaluated catalysts, the HNP-0.25 formulation exhibited the highest catalytic activity under photo-Fenton conditions, achieving a •OH generation rate of 0.11052 µmol min−1 g−1 and a synergy index of 11.26, which indicates a cooperative interaction between photocatalytic and Fenton pathways. Furthermore, the optimized HNPs demonstrated high degradation efficiency toward pollutants, achieving 99% degradation of methylene blue (k = 0.1528 min−1) and 97% removal of ciprofloxacin (k = 0.0699 min−1) after 50 min under photo-Fenton conditions. These findings demonstrate that the composition and hybrid nature of TiO2-Fe3O4 nanoparticles play a critical role in promoting synergistic AOP interactions, enhancing •OH generation and pollutant degradation efficiency.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{osunalaveaga2026hydrothermal,
  title = {{Hydrothermal Synthesis and Catalytic Evaluation of TiO2-Fe3O4 Hybrid Nanoparticles for AOP Applications}},
  author = {Daryl Rafael Osuna-Laveaga and Naely Ameyalli Velasco-Cruz and Edgar David Moreno-Medrano and Mario Eduardo Cano-González and Emma Rebeca Macías-Balleza and Valeria Ojeda-Castillo and María G. Pérez-García and Fernando Espinola-Portilla},
  journal = {Catalysts},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.3390/catal16110982},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/11/982},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Hydrothermal Synthesis and Catalytic Evaluation of TiO2-Fe3O4 Hybrid Nanoparticles for AOP Applications
AU  - Daryl Rafael Osuna-Laveaga
AU  - Naely Ameyalli Velasco-Cruz
AU  - Edgar David Moreno-Medrano
AU  - Mario Eduardo Cano-González
AU  - Emma Rebeca Macías-Balleza
AU  - Valeria Ojeda-Castillo
AU  - María G. Pérez-García
AU  - Fernando Espinola-Portilla
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/03
JO  - Catalysts
DO  - 10.3390/catal16110982
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/16/11/982
AB  - Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as technologies for the removal of pollutants in water systems due to their ability to generate hydroxyl radical (•OH). However, the catalytic behavior and synergistic interactions of hybrid nanomaterials in different AOPs remain insufficiently quantified. In this study, TiO2-Fe3O4 hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) were synthesized through a hydrothermal method and evaluated in Fenton, photocatalysis, and photo-Fenton processes. Three formulations (TiO2 to Fe3O4 1:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25) were prepared to investigate the influence of content on catalytic activity by indirectly quantifying •OH generation through 7-hydroxycoumarin formation. Physicochemical, structural and magnetic characterization shows a possible formation of core–satellite like and Janus-like HNPs with superparamagnetic behavior. Among the evaluated catalysts, the HNP-0.25 formulation exhibited the highest catalytic activity under photo-Fenton conditions, achieving a •OH generation rate of 0.11052 µmol min−1 g−1 and a synergy index of 11.26, which indicates a cooperative interaction between photocatalytic and Fenton pathways. Furthermore, the optimized HNPs demonstrated high degradation efficiency toward pollutants, achieving 99% degradation of methylene blue (k = 0.1528 min−1) and 97% removal of ciprofloxacin (k = 0.0699 min−1) after 50 min under photo-Fenton conditions. These findings demonstrate that the composition and hybrid nature of TiO2-Fe3O4 nanoparticles play a critical role in promoting synergistic AOP interactions, enhancing •OH generation and pollutant degradation efficiency.
SN  - 2073-4344
ER  -