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Peer-reviewedCC BY 3.0RSC Advances

Au/GQD hybrid interfaces: signal-transduction principles and evidence for metal-ion sensing

  • Asokan Vasudevan1,2
  • Qusay Abdulsattar Mohammed3
  • Seif Al Bustanji4
  • Vikram V. Patel5
  • B. Rajalingam6
  • Harvinder Singh Sohal7
  • I. B. Sapaev8,9,10,11
  • Suleiman Ibrahim Mohammad12
  • Sahar Bayatinia13
13 affiliations
  1. 1Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN Putra Nilai 71800 Nilai Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
  2. 2School of Management, Department of Management Studies, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala RandD Institute of Science and Technology, University in Morai Tamil Nadu 600062 India
  3. 3College of Dentistry, University of Al Maarif Al Anbar 31001 Iraq
  4. 4Faculty of Technical Education, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University Amman Jordan
  5. 5Faculty of Engineering, Gokul Global University Sidhpur Gujarat India
  6. 6Department of CSE, School of Computing, Veltech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology Avadi Chennai India
  7. 7Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University Mohali Punjab India
  8. 8Head of the Department «Physics and Chemistry», Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University Tashkent Uzbekistan
  9. 9Scientific researcher of the University of Tashkent for Applied Science Tashkent Uzbekistan
  10. 10School of Engineering, Central Asian University Tashkent Uzbekistan
  11. 11Western Caspian University, Scientific researcher Baku Azerbaijan
  12. 12Research Follower, INTI International University 71800 Negeri Sembilan Malaysia
  13. 13Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University Tehran Branch Tehran Iran
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Abstract

Gold/graphene quantum dot (Au/GQD) hybrids combine chemically accessible carbon surfaces with metallic, plasmonic, and emissive gold components. This review examines their interfacial signal-transduction principles and the available evidence for metal-ion sensing. Material descriptors, including surface functionality, morphology, electronic alignment, and spatial separation, are related to optical attenuation, fluorescence modulation, and electrochemical response. Examples from characterization, photocatalysis, and non-metal assays illustrate selected structural or transduction processes; they are distinguished from direct evidence of metal-ion recognition. The metal-ion studies are evaluated according to component roles, measured responses, analytical performance, and mechanistic support. Particular attention is given to plasmon-modulated Cr3+ fluorescence, Cu2+/Cd2+ ratiometric detection, and reaction-generated reporting of Au3+. Their comparison reveals heterogeneous recognition mechanisms and incomplete analytical benchmarking rather than a universally validated recognition pathway. A general hybrid advantage remains unestablished without matched component and alternative-material controls. Adjacent Au/GQD assays provide design hypotheses whose transfer requires target-specific binding and interference validation. Persistent limitations include unresolved signal origins, concentration-dependent matrix effects, inconsistent detection-limit reporting, and poorly standardized interface characterization. The resulting synthesis provides a structured basis for interpreting Au/GQD responses and identifying evidence needed to connect interfacial changes with reliable metal-ion detection.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{vasudevan2026augqd,
  title = {{Au/GQD hybrid interfaces: signal-transduction principles and evidence for metal-ion sensing}},
  author = {Asokan Vasudevan and Qusay Abdulsattar Mohammed and Seif Al Bustanji and Vikram V. Patel and B. Rajalingam and Harvinder Singh Sohal and I. B. Sapaev and Suleiman Ibrahim Mohammad and Sahar Bayatinia},
  journal = {RSC Advances},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.1039/d6ra10016c},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra10016c},
  note = {CC BY 3.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Au/GQD hybrid interfaces: signal-transduction principles and evidence for metal-ion sensing
AU  - Asokan Vasudevan
AU  - Qusay Abdulsattar Mohammed
AU  - Seif Al Bustanji
AU  - Vikram V. Patel
AU  - B. Rajalingam
AU  - Harvinder Singh Sohal
AU  - I. B. Sapaev
AU  - Suleiman Ibrahim Mohammad
AU  - Sahar Bayatinia
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/04
JO  - RSC Advances
DO  - 10.1039/d6ra10016c
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra10016c
AB  - Gold/graphene quantum dot (Au/GQD) hybrids combine chemically accessible carbon surfaces with metallic, plasmonic, and emissive gold components. This review examines their interfacial signal-transduction principles and the available evidence for metal-ion sensing. Material descriptors, including surface functionality, morphology, electronic alignment, and spatial separation, are related to optical attenuation, fluorescence modulation, and electrochemical response. Examples from characterization, photocatalysis, and non-metal assays illustrate selected structural or transduction processes; they are distinguished from direct evidence of metal-ion recognition. The metal-ion studies are evaluated according to component roles, measured responses, analytical performance, and mechanistic support. Particular attention is given to plasmon-modulated Cr3+ fluorescence, Cu2+/Cd2+ ratiometric detection, and reaction-generated reporting of Au3+. Their comparison reveals heterogeneous recognition mechanisms and incomplete analytical benchmarking rather than a universally validated recognition pathway. A general hybrid advantage remains unestablished without matched component and alternative-material controls. Adjacent Au/GQD assays provide design hypotheses whose transfer requires target-specific binding and interference validation. Persistent limitations include unresolved signal origins, concentration-dependent matrix effects, inconsistent detection-limit reporting, and poorly standardized interface characterization. The resulting synthesis provides a structured basis for interpreting Au/GQD responses and identifying evidence needed to connect interfacial changes with reliable metal-ion detection.
SN  - 2046-2069
ER  -