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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NCRSC advances

Metastable state regulation and lattice modulation in layered cathodes for aluminum batteries

  • Jiang Zhang1
  • Jie Zhang2
  • Chuanchuan Cao2
  • Yunlei Wang3
  1. 1China Merchants New Material Technology (Chongqing) Co., Ltd Chongqing 402181 China
  2. 2School of Intelligent Manufacturing Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 China
  3. 3School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 China
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Abstract

Aluminum batteries (ABs) are considered promising candidates for large-scale energy storage owing to their high volumetric capacity, abundant resources, and intrinsic safety. However, layered cathode materials generally suffer from diffusion hysteresis and structural instability induced by the strong electrostatic interaction of Al3+, which severely hinders the development of high-energy-density systems. This review breaks through conventional single-mode optimization strategies and innovatively establishes a synergistic design framework integrating lattice engineering with metastability regulation. Through cation/anion doping, interlayer spacing modulation, defect engineering, and strain regulation, the local electronic structure and ion migration pathways are optimized to reduce multivalent-ion diffusion barriers. Meanwhile, metastability regulation is introduced to activate unconventional energy-storage mechanisms, including anionic redox, transient phase evolution, and dynamically disordered structures, thereby unlocking the latent capacity of materials. Particular emphasis is placed on the synergistic effects of lattice reconstruction and metastable stabilization in enhancing energy density, suppressing structural degradation, and improving kinetic performance. In addition, key challenges related to electrolyte compatibility, interfacial stability, and scalable construction of metastable structures are systematically discussed. Finally, future directions involving high-entropy layered systems, advanced in situ characterization, and data-driven materials design are proposed.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{zhang2026metastable,
  title = {{Metastable state regulation and lattice modulation in layered cathodes for aluminum batteries}},
  author = {Jiang Zhang and Jie Zhang and Chuanchuan Cao and Yunlei Wang},
  journal = {RSC advances},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1039/d6ra08689f},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13669673},
  note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Metastable state regulation and lattice modulation in layered cathodes for aluminum batteries
AU  - Jiang Zhang
AU  - Jie Zhang
AU  - Chuanchuan Cao
AU  - Yunlei Wang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/15
JO  - RSC advances
DO  - 10.1039/d6ra08689f
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13669673
AB  - Aluminum batteries (ABs) are considered promising candidates for large-scale energy storage owing to their high volumetric capacity, abundant resources, and intrinsic safety. However, layered cathode materials generally suffer from diffusion hysteresis and structural instability induced by the strong electrostatic interaction of Al3+, which severely hinders the development of high-energy-density systems. This review breaks through conventional single-mode optimization strategies and innovatively establishes a synergistic design framework integrating lattice engineering with metastability regulation. Through cation/anion doping, interlayer spacing modulation, defect engineering, and strain regulation, the local electronic structure and ion migration pathways are optimized to reduce multivalent-ion diffusion barriers. Meanwhile, metastability regulation is introduced to activate unconventional energy-storage mechanisms, including anionic redox, transient phase evolution, and dynamically disordered structures, thereby unlocking the latent capacity of materials. Particular emphasis is placed on the synergistic effects of lattice reconstruction and metastable stabilization in enhancing energy density, suppressing structural degradation, and improving kinetic performance. In addition, key challenges related to electrolyte compatibility, interfacial stability, and scalable construction of metastable structures are systematically discussed. Finally, future directions involving high-entropy layered systems, advanced in situ characterization, and data-driven materials design are proposed.
SN  - 2046-2069
ER  -