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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Journal of Clinical Medicine

Functional Oral Intake and Bowel Function in Enterally Fed Adults with Neurogenic Dysphagia: A Cross-Sectional Study

  • Burak Manay1
  • Mustafa İbas2
  • Hakan Parlak3
  • Mehmet Nuri Elgörmüş1
  • Mehmet Şerif Önen4
  • Özcan Sönmez5
  • Gizem İbas6
  • Ramazan Ocal7
  • Alperen Şentürk1
  • Ramazan Güven8
8 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Atlas University, 34403 Istanbul, Turkey
  2. 2Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul Atlas University, 34403 Istanbul, Turkey
  3. 3Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, İstinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
  4. 4Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Atlas University, 34403 Istanbul, Turkey
  5. 5Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Atlas University, 34403 Istanbul, Turkey
  6. 6Department of Otolaryngology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital University of Health Sciences, 34200 Istanbul, Turkey
  7. 7Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
  8. 8Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Atlas University, 34403 Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Gastrointestinal complications are common in enterally fed adults with neurogenic dysphagia. This study examined the association of functional oral intake with stool form and defecation frequency in this population. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included adults receiving enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Functional oral intake was assessed using the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), nutritional risk using the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002), and stool consistency using the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). Defecation frequency, daily fluid intake, enteral feeding duration, and feeding route were also recorded. Correlation and multivariable regression analyses were performed. Results: A total of 100 participants were included: 55 were classified as FOIS Level 1 and 45 as FOIS Levels 2–3. FOIS Level 1 was associated with hard versus normal stool (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] = 10.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.59–29.12; p < 0.001), with consistent adjusted and Firth estimates. The unadjusted association with soft/watery versus normal stool was nominally significant (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.04–9.72; p = 0.043). Recorded fluid intake excluded formula water and was lower in FOIS Level 1, which entails no oral intake (p = 0.024). Defecation frequency differed between groups (p = 0.003). Conclusions: FOIS Level 1 was associated with hard stool, and defecation frequency differed between FOIS-defined feeding-status groups. Clinical differences between groups and unmeasured confounding limit interpretation. These findings are exploratory and hypothesis-generating and do not establish an independent or causal effect of FOIS status on bowel function.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{manay2026functional,
  title = {{Functional Oral Intake and Bowel Function in Enterally Fed Adults with Neurogenic Dysphagia: A Cross-Sectional Study}},
  author = {Burak Manay and Mustafa İbas and Hakan Parlak and Mehmet Nuri Elgörmüş and Mehmet Şerif Önen and Özcan Sönmez and Gizem İbas and Ramazan Ocal and Alperen Şentürk and Ramazan Güven},
  journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.3390/jcm15218529},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8529},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Functional Oral Intake and Bowel Function in Enterally Fed Adults with Neurogenic Dysphagia: A Cross-Sectional Study
AU  - Burak Manay
AU  - Mustafa İbas
AU  - Hakan Parlak
AU  - Mehmet Nuri Elgörmüş
AU  - Mehmet Şerif Önen
AU  - Özcan Sönmez
AU  - Gizem İbas
AU  - Ramazan Ocal
AU  - Alperen Şentürk
AU  - Ramazan Güven
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/02
JO  - Journal of Clinical Medicine
DO  - 10.3390/jcm15218529
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8529
AB  - Background/Objectives: Gastrointestinal complications are common in enterally fed adults with neurogenic dysphagia. This study examined the association of functional oral intake with stool form and defecation frequency in this population. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included adults receiving enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Functional oral intake was assessed using the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), nutritional risk using the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002), and stool consistency using the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). Defecation frequency, daily fluid intake, enteral feeding duration, and feeding route were also recorded. Correlation and multivariable regression analyses were performed. Results: A total of 100 participants were included: 55 were classified as FOIS Level 1 and 45 as FOIS Levels 2–3. FOIS Level 1 was associated with hard versus normal stool (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] = 10.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.59–29.12; p < 0.001), with consistent adjusted and Firth estimates. The unadjusted association with soft/watery versus normal stool was nominally significant (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.04–9.72; p = 0.043). Recorded fluid intake excluded formula water and was lower in FOIS Level 1, which entails no oral intake (p = 0.024). Defecation frequency differed between groups (p = 0.003). Conclusions: FOIS Level 1 was associated with hard stool, and defecation frequency differed between FOIS-defined feeding-status groups. Clinical differences between groups and unmeasured confounding limit interpretation. These findings are exploratory and hypothesis-generating and do not establish an independent or causal effect of FOIS status on bowel function.
SN  - 2077-0383
ER  -