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Peer-reviewedCC BYFrontiers in public health

Public Health Pharmacology: a framework for population-level immunologic monitoring (PLIM) to optimize vaccine performance in Africa

  • Ahmed Adebowale Adedeji1
  • Aminah Adeola Adedeji2
  • Einas Mohammed ElHabibi Adam3
  • Taofeek Tope Adegboyega4
  • Issa Muritala Bale4
  • Rasheed Omotayo Adeyemo4
  • Mojeed Akorede Gbadamosi5
  • Hassan Sibomana6
  • Kasim Sakran Abass7
  • Drissa Makan Toure8
8 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda , ,
  2. 2Foresight Institute of Research and Translation, Gikondo , ,
  3. 3Equator University of Science and Technology , ,
  4. 4Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda , ,
  5. 5Department of Primary Care-Palliative Care and Community Health, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda , ,
  6. 6Division of Epidemiology and Immunization, Rwanda Ministry of Health , ,
  7. 7Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kirkuk , ,
  8. 8Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , , ,
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Abstract

Despite high administrative immunization coverage across Sub-Saharan Africa, unexpected infectious disease outbreaks pose significant public health challenges. Traditional tracking relies heavily on logistical inputs and reactive surveillance, leaving an unmonitored biological gap in real-world host immunity. This paper presents a novel systems-design conceptual framework for Population-Level Immunologic Monitoring (PLIM) as a core operational tool of Public Health Pharmacology (PHP) to systematically bridge this gap. PLIM operates across three interconnected pillars: (1) biological sentinel surveillance using field-stabilized samples, (2) risk stratification mapping the climatic-biological nexus, and (3) near-real-time policy feedback via digital health infrastructure. To demonstrate operational plausibility, we describe a prospective “Pathfinder Pilot” validation roadmap in Rwanda. This theoretical proof-of-concept model details a logistics blueprint utilizing Dried Blood Spot (DBS) sampling paired with quantitative ELISAs and T-cell Activation Assays (TASA) integrated into existing DHIS2 software to monitor population cohorts against the Population Immunologic Threshold (PIT)—a composite metric linking individual correlates of protection to herd immunity thresholds. Crucially, PLIM complements existing administrative tracking, pharmacovigilance, and epidemiological outbreak investigations. By isolating biological host factors, the framework provides an intermediate biological audit layer. This empowers public health managers to detect waning immunity and map “biological cold spots” before outbreaks occur, advancing immunologic equity across resource-limited settings.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{adedeji2026public,
  title = {{Public Health Pharmacology: a framework for population-level immunologic monitoring (PLIM) to optimize vaccine performance in Africa}},
  author = {Ahmed Adebowale Adedeji and Aminah Adeola Adedeji and Einas Mohammed ElHabibi Adam and Taofeek Tope Adegboyega and Issa Muritala Bale and Rasheed Omotayo Adeyemo and Mojeed Akorede Gbadamosi and Hassan Sibomana and Kasim Sakran Abass and Drissa Makan Toure},
  journal = {Frontiers in public health},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2026.1965936},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13672527},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Public Health Pharmacology: a framework for population-level immunologic monitoring (PLIM) to optimize vaccine performance in Africa
AU  - Ahmed Adebowale Adedeji
AU  - Aminah Adeola Adedeji
AU  - Einas Mohammed ElHabibi Adam
AU  - Taofeek Tope Adegboyega
AU  - Issa Muritala Bale
AU  - Rasheed Omotayo Adeyemo
AU  - Mojeed Akorede Gbadamosi
AU  - Hassan Sibomana
AU  - Kasim Sakran Abass
AU  - Drissa Makan Toure
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/02
JO  - Frontiers in public health
DO  - 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1965936
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13672527
AB  - Despite high administrative immunization coverage across Sub-Saharan Africa, unexpected infectious disease outbreaks pose significant public health challenges. Traditional tracking relies heavily on logistical inputs and reactive surveillance, leaving an unmonitored biological gap in real-world host immunity. This paper presents a novel systems-design conceptual framework for Population-Level Immunologic Monitoring (PLIM) as a core operational tool of Public Health Pharmacology (PHP) to systematically bridge this gap. PLIM operates across three interconnected pillars: (1) biological sentinel surveillance using field-stabilized samples, (2) risk stratification mapping the climatic-biological nexus, and (3) near-real-time policy feedback via digital health infrastructure. To demonstrate operational plausibility, we describe a prospective “Pathfinder Pilot” validation roadmap in Rwanda. This theoretical proof-of-concept model details a logistics blueprint utilizing Dried Blood Spot (DBS) sampling paired with quantitative ELISAs and T-cell Activation Assays (TASA) integrated into existing DHIS2 software to monitor population cohorts against the Population Immunologic Threshold (PIT)—a composite metric linking individual correlates of protection to herd immunity thresholds. Crucially, PLIM complements existing administrative tracking, pharmacovigilance, and epidemiological outbreak investigations. By isolating biological host factors, the framework provides an intermediate biological audit layer. This empowers public health managers to detect waning immunity and map “biological cold spots” before outbreaks occur, advancing immunologic equity across resource-limited settings.
SN  - 2296-2565
ER  -