Evaluation of Variational Quantum Classifiers (VQC) for Cyberattack Detection in the NISQ Era
Abstract
This paper investigates the effectiveness and structural limits of Variational Quantum Classifiers (VQC) for detecting network anomalies in the era of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) systems. Using the official 20\% research subset of the NSL-KDD dataset, a 4-qubit classifier featuring a 24-parameter trainable ansatz was developed, utilizing amplitude encoding to embed 16 principal components. On a held-out partition of this subset, the model achieved a consistent binary-classification accuracy of 88\%. A comparative evaluation with two fundamentally different optimizers, COBYLA and SPSA, found that the observed performance plateau is not attributable to convergence to local minima, a result we interpret as consistent with an encoding-related expressibility limit rather than an optimization artifact. An architectural parity comparison with a classical neural network (a Tiny MLP with four nodes, achieving 97\% accuracy) highlighted the expressiveness gap associated with data overcompression into restricted quantum states. The model was trained on a class-balanced set spanning the 22 raw NSL-KDD attack categories and evaluated in-sample as a probe of representational capacity: under this configuration the VQC reached only 9\% accuracy and exhibited a degenerate mode collapse onto a small subset of classes. We interpret this behavior as consistent with the loss of linear separability induced by excessive compression in the quantum probability space, while explicitly noting that our experiments do not isolate the encoding from the ansatz depth, optimizer budget, and measurement-decoding scheme (see Limitations). Motivated by these observations and by Cover's theorem, we outline an alternative paradigm: a 16-qubit VQC with angle encoding that expands the Hilbert-space representation rather than relying on aggressive classical dimensionality reduction.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{thomos2026evaluation,
title = {{Evaluation of Variational Quantum Classifiers (VQC) for Cyberattack Detection in the NISQ Era}},
author = {Angelos Thomos and Theodore Andronikos},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2606.21715},
eprint = {2606.21715},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.21715},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Evaluation of Variational Quantum Classifiers (VQC) for Cyberattack Detection in the NISQ Era
AU - Angelos Thomos
AU - Theodore Andronikos
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/19
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2606.21715
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.21715
AB - This paper investigates the effectiveness and structural limits of Variational Quantum Classifiers (VQC) for detecting network anomalies in the era of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) systems. Using the official 20\% research subset of the NSL-KDD dataset, a 4-qubit classifier featuring a 24-parameter trainable ansatz was developed, utilizing amplitude encoding to embed 16 principal components. On a held-out partition of this subset, the model achieved a consistent binary-classification accuracy of 88\%. A comparative evaluation with two fundamentally different optimizers, COBYLA and SPSA, found that the observed performance plateau is not attributable to convergence to local minima, a result we interpret as consistent with an encoding-related expressibility limit rather than an optimization artifact. An architectural parity comparison with a classical neural network (a Tiny MLP with four nodes, achieving 97\% accuracy) highlighted the expressiveness gap associated with data overcompression into restricted quantum states. The model was trained on a class-balanced set spanning the 22 raw NSL-KDD attack categories and evaluated in-sample as a probe of representational capacity: under this configuration the VQC reached only 9\% accuracy and exhibited a degenerate mode collapse onto a small subset of classes. We interpret this behavior as consistent with the loss of linear separability induced by excessive compression in the quantum probability space, while explicitly noting that our experiments do not isolate the encoding from the ansatz depth, optimizer budget, and measurement-decoding scheme (see Limitations). Motivated by these observations and by Cover's theorem, we outline an alternative paradigm: a 16-qubit VQC with angle encoding that expands the Hilbert-space representation rather than relying on aggressive classical dimensionality reduction.
ER -