The quality of life experienced by persons with spinal cord injury in Finland – a mixed methods study
7 affiliations
- 1Doctoral Programme in Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- 2Intensive Rehabilitation Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- 3Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- 4Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- 5Spinal Cord Injury Outpatient Clinic, Division of Rehabilitation, Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- 6Information Production and Foresight, The Finnish Association of People with Physical Disabilities, Helsinki, Finland
- 7Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Abstract
Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects an individual's quality of life (QOL) by impairing body functions and structures, which in turn lead to reduced functional capacity and participation restrictions. These outcomes are further shaped by environmental factors. The objective of this mixed-method study was to investigate the factors associated with QOL among persons with SCI in Finland.
Methods: A convergent parallel mixed methods design with quantitative and qualitative data was used. Quantitative data were obtained from 879 individuals with SCI participating in the first nationwide community survey for the SCI population in Finland (FinSCI 2019). QOL was assessed using the PROMIS® Global Health survey question (Global02), and associations with sociodemographic and injury-related variables were analyzed using multivariable ordinal regression. Qualitative data were collected through interviews with 45 volunteer survey respondents and analyzed using inductive content analysis. Quantitative and qualitative data generated were then triangulated to develop a more complete interpretation of the QOL experienced by SCI population and integrated results were assessed for concordance, discordance or expansion during the discussion stage of this report.
Results: Impaired overall health and poor management of secondary health conditions (SHCs) were associated with reduced functional ability and poorer QOL, whereas SCI severity was not independently associated with QOL in the adjusted quantitative model. Factors associated with improved QOL included immediate social support, high self-esteem, psychosocial adaptation, and personal growth over time. Conversely, older age, secondary health problems, and inadequate services were linked to poorer QOL. High self-efficacy and the ability to function within personal limitations while maintaining autonomy were associated with good QOL, whereas poor QOL was characterized by reduced activity, constrained daily life, and lack of spontaneity.
Discussion: The findings highlight the complex interplay between health status, functional ability, psychosocial resources, and the adequacy of servicesin shaping QOL among people with SCI in Finland, whereas injury severity itself was not independently associated with QOL. Addressing these multidimensional factors is essential in rehabilitation and long-term follow-up to support well-being and participation in everyday life.
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BibTeX
@article{eskola2026quality,
title = {{The quality of life experienced by persons with spinal cord injury in Finland – a mixed methods study}},
author = {Kaarina Eskola and Susanna Tallqvist and Minna Zechner and Jari Arokoski and Eerika Koskinen and Marketta Rajavaara and Sinikka Hiekkala},
journal = {Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3389/fresc.2026.1829111},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2026.1829111},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - The quality of life experienced by persons with spinal cord injury in Finland – a mixed methods study
AU - Kaarina Eskola
AU - Susanna Tallqvist
AU - Minna Zechner
AU - Jari Arokoski
AU - Eerika Koskinen
AU - Marketta Rajavaara
AU - Sinikka Hiekkala
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/21
JO - Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences
DO - 10.3389/fresc.2026.1829111
UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2026.1829111
AB - Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects an individual's quality of life (QOL) by impairing body functions and structures, which in turn lead to reduced functional capacity and participation restrictions. These outcomes are further shaped by environmental factors. The objective of this mixed-method study was to investigate the factors associated with QOL among persons with SCI in Finland. Methods: A convergent parallel mixed methods design with quantitative and qualitative data was used. Quantitative data were obtained from 879 individuals with SCI participating in the first nationwide community survey for the SCI population in Finland (FinSCI 2019). QOL was assessed using the PROMIS® Global Health survey question (Global02), and associations with sociodemographic and injury-related variables were analyzed using multivariable ordinal regression. Qualitative data were collected through interviews with 45 volunteer survey respondents and analyzed using inductive content analysis. Quantitative and qualitative data generated were then triangulated to develop a more complete interpretation of the QOL experienced by SCI population and integrated results were assessed for concordance, discordance or expansion during the discussion stage of this report. Results: Impaired overall health and poor management of secondary health conditions (SHCs) were associated with reduced functional ability and poorer QOL, whereas SCI severity was not independently associated with QOL in the adjusted quantitative model. Factors associated with improved QOL included immediate social support, high self-esteem, psychosocial adaptation, and personal growth over time. Conversely, older age, secondary health problems, and inadequate services were linked to poorer QOL. High self-efficacy and the ability to function within personal limitations while maintaining autonomy were associated with good QOL, whereas poor QOL was characterized by reduced activity, constrained daily life, and lack of spontaneity. Discussion: The findings highlight the complex interplay between health status, functional ability, psychosocial resources, and the adequacy of servicesin shaping QOL among people with SCI in Finland, whereas injury severity itself was not independently associated with QOL. Addressing these multidimensional factors is essential in rehabilitation and long-term follow-up to support well-being and participation in everyday life.
SN - 2673-6861
ER -