Effects of coffee thermocycling on surface roughness, microhardness, and color stability of permanent crown materials
Abstract
Permanent crown resins manufactured by additive technologies are increasingly used for definitive restorations, yet their resistance to combined thermal and chemical aging remains incompletely characterized. This in vitro study compared four 3D-printed permanent crown resins (VarseoSmile TriniQ, NextDent C&B MFH, CROWNTEC, and Permanent Crown Resin) with a milled composite-based CAD/CAM material (CeraSmart 270). Disk-shaped specimens ( n = 10/group) were evaluated for surface roughness, surface morphology, microhardness, and color before and after 10,000 coffee thermocycles between 5 °C and 55 °C. Surface roughness increased significantly in all materials. After aging, CeraSmart 270 showed the lowest Ra (0.159 ± 0.005 μm) and highest Vickers hardness (93.87 ± 4.80 HV), whereas Permanent Crown Resin showed the highest Ra (0.322 ± 0.014 μm), lowest hardness (20.22 ± 1.40 HV), and greatest color change (ΔE*ab = 4.19 ± 0.30). Permanent Crown Resin and NextDent C&B MFH exceeded the predefined ΔE*ab reference value of 3.3. Coffee thermocycling produced material-dependent effects, with CeraSmart 270 showing greater overall stability than the tested 3D-printed resins under the conditions of this study.
Related
- Influence of commonly consumed beverages on surface roughness and color stability of resin-based composites before and after thermocycling.
- Surface Roughness and Color Stability of 3D-Printed Dental Resin Materials Under the Influence of Different Beverages
- Fracture resistance and color stability of monolithic CAD/CAM crowns: effect of occlusal thickness and thermocycling
- Effects of thermocycling on color stability and mechanical properties of universal resin composites: an in vitro comparison.
- Residual Monomer Elution from Permanent Crown Materials at Different Storage Times
BibTeX
@article{ersoy2026effects,
title = {{Effects of coffee thermocycling on surface roughness, microhardness, and color stability of permanent crown materials}},
author = {Nurgül Ersoy and Semih Ercan Akgün and Samet Tekin},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-76123-6},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-76123-6},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Effects of coffee thermocycling on surface roughness, microhardness, and color stability of permanent crown materials
AU - Nurgül Ersoy
AU - Semih Ercan Akgün
AU - Samet Tekin
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/14
JO - Scientific Reports
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-76123-6
UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-76123-6
AB - Permanent crown resins manufactured by additive technologies are increasingly used for definitive restorations, yet their resistance to combined thermal and chemical aging remains incompletely characterized. This in vitro study compared four 3D-printed permanent crown resins (VarseoSmile TriniQ, NextDent C&B MFH, CROWNTEC, and Permanent Crown Resin) with a milled composite-based CAD/CAM material (CeraSmart 270). Disk-shaped specimens ( n = 10/group) were evaluated for surface roughness, surface morphology, microhardness, and color before and after 10,000 coffee thermocycles between 5 °C and 55 °C. Surface roughness increased significantly in all materials. After aging, CeraSmart 270 showed the lowest Ra (0.159 ± 0.005 μm) and highest Vickers hardness (93.87 ± 4.80 HV), whereas Permanent Crown Resin showed the highest Ra (0.322 ± 0.014 μm), lowest hardness (20.22 ± 1.40 HV), and greatest color change (ΔE*ab = 4.19 ± 0.30). Permanent Crown Resin and NextDent C&B MFH exceeded the predefined ΔE*ab reference value of 3.3. Coffee thermocycling produced material-dependent effects, with CeraSmart 270 showing greater overall stability than the tested 3D-printed resins under the conditions of this study.
SN - 2045-2322
ER -