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PreprintCC BYChemRxiv

Direct-Write Printing of Freestanding Prussian Blue Analogue Fibers with Tunable Redox Potentials

  • Anh Tuan Ngo1
  • João Pedro Vale2
  • Maria Pinto3
  • Salvador Pané4
  • Tiago Sotto Mayor2
  • Mario Palacios Corella1
  • Josep Puigmartí-Luis1,5
5 affiliations
  1. 1Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
  2. 2Transport Phenomena Research Center (CEFT), Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE) Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
  3. 3Experian Lda Rua Professor Correia Araújo 697, 4200-205, Porto, Portugal
  4. 4Multi-scale Robotics Laboratory, ETH. Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
  5. 5Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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Abstract

Prussian blue (PB) and its analogues (PBAs) are attractive electrode materials for energy storage because of their chemical tunability, open-framework structures, fast ion transport, and rich redox chemistry. Yet, their practical implementation remains limited due to the challenging processability and the discrete set of redox potentials accessible through conventional compositions. Here, a 3D flow-focusing microfluidic strategy is used for directly synthesizing and printing freestanding PB and PBA composite fibers in a single step, coupling particle formation with their integration into an alginate/carbon-nanotube matrix. The method yields continuous, self-supporting fibers incorporating PB and multiple PBAs (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), which can be directly written into functional electrode architectures and assembled into working energy storage cells. Beyond processability, the platform enables two complementary routes for voltage design: high-entropy PBAs, which access redox responses distinct from those of conventional single-metal PBAs, and spatially encoded fibers in which different PBAs are integrated within one fiber to generate intermediate and deliberately tuned electrochemical behavior. By exploiting the inherent spatial and temporal control afforded by microfluidic flow focusing, the approach establishes a versatile route toward printed, application-tailored PB and PBA electrodes with programmable operating voltages.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{ngo2026directwrite,
  title = {{Direct-Write Printing of Freestanding Prussian Blue Analogue Fibers with Tunable Redox Potentials}},
  author = {Anh Tuan Ngo and João Pedro Vale and Maria Pinto and Salvador Pané and Tiago Sotto Mayor and Mario Palacios Corella and Josep Puigmartí-Luis},
  howpublished = {ChemRxiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.26434/chemrxiv.15010235/v1},
  url = {https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010235/v1},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - Direct-Write Printing of Freestanding Prussian Blue Analogue Fibers with Tunable Redox Potentials
AU  - Anh Tuan Ngo
AU  - João Pedro Vale
AU  - Maria Pinto
AU  - Salvador Pané
AU  - Tiago Sotto Mayor
AU  - Mario Palacios Corella
AU  - Josep Puigmartí-Luis
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/11
PB  - ChemRxiv
DO  - 10.26434/chemrxiv.15010235/v1
UR  - https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010235/v1
AB  - Prussian blue (PB) and its analogues (PBAs) are attractive electrode materials for energy storage because of their chemical tunability, open-framework structures, fast ion transport, and rich redox chemistry. Yet, their practical implementation remains limited due to the challenging processability and the discrete set of redox potentials accessible through conventional compositions. Here, a 3D flow-focusing microfluidic strategy is used for directly synthesizing and printing freestanding PB and PBA composite fibers in a single step, coupling particle formation with their integration into an alginate/carbon-nanotube matrix. The method yields continuous, self-supporting fibers incorporating PB and multiple PBAs (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), which can be directly written into functional electrode architectures and assembled into working energy storage cells. Beyond processability, the platform enables two complementary routes for voltage design: high-entropy PBAs, which access redox responses distinct from those of conventional single-metal PBAs, and spatially encoded fibers in which different PBAs are integrated within one fiber to generate intermediate and deliberately tuned electrochemical behavior. By exploiting the inherent spatial and temporal control afforded by microfluidic flow focusing, the approach establishes a versatile route toward printed, application-tailored PB and PBA electrodes with programmable operating voltages.
ER  -