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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Nanomaterials

Surface Phosphorus-Modified Mo2C MXene Toward Boosted Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Mg–Air Battery

  • Canbo Hu1
  • Xinyue Gao1
  • Guoqin Cao1,2
  • Fanfan Liu1,2
  1. 1State Center for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  2. 2National Key Laboratory of Special Rare Metal Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Abstract

Mg–air batteries have garnered substantial research attention owing to their high specific capacity, low electrode potential, environmental benignity, and abundant natural magnesium reserves. Nevertheless, sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics at the air cathode severely restrict their practical implementation, which necessitates the development of low-cost, high-activity non-precious metal electrocatalysts. Herein, modified Mo2C@P electrocatalysts are successfully synthesized via phosphidation of Mo2C mixed with sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) under thermal treatment. Multiple characterization techniques are employed to systematically investigate the crystal structure, chemical bonding configuration, micromorphology, and ORR electrocatalytic performance of the as-prepared materials. Meanwhile, Mg–air battery evaluations are carried out in 3.5 wt.% aqueous NaCl electrolyte. The results reveal that the Mo2C MXene backbone is well retained. Phosphorus doping is confined to surface modification and is accompanied by the formation of P–O and P–C bonds. The stacked lamellar architecture undergoes surface reconstruction, generating a uniform particulate morphology. The ORR electrocatalytic activity exhibits a volcano-type trend with phosphidation temperature, and Mo2C@P-350 achieves the highest limiting diffusion current density of 2.87 mA cm−2. The Mg–air battery assembled with Mo2C@P-350 delivers outstanding and stable discharge voltages of 1.19 V at 5 mA cm−2 and 1.13 V at 10 mA cm−2, along with optimal rate capability. This work demonstrates that mild-temperature phosphidation represents a reliable surface-engineering strategy for constructing high-performance ORR electrocatalysts.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{hu2026surface,
  title = {{Surface Phosphorus-Modified Mo2C MXene Toward Boosted Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Mg–Air Battery}},
  author = {Canbo Hu and Xinyue Gao and Guoqin Cao and Fanfan Liu},
  journal = {Nanomaterials},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/nano16211384},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/21/1384},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Surface Phosphorus-Modified Mo2C MXene Toward Boosted Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Mg–Air Battery
AU  - Canbo Hu
AU  - Xinyue Gao
AU  - Guoqin Cao
AU  - Fanfan Liu
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/28
JO  - Nanomaterials
DO  - 10.3390/nano16211384
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/21/1384
AB  - Mg–air batteries have garnered substantial research attention owing to their high specific capacity, low electrode potential, environmental benignity, and abundant natural magnesium reserves. Nevertheless, sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics at the air cathode severely restrict their practical implementation, which necessitates the development of low-cost, high-activity non-precious metal electrocatalysts. Herein, modified Mo2C@P electrocatalysts are successfully synthesized via phosphidation of Mo2C mixed with sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) under thermal treatment. Multiple characterization techniques are employed to systematically investigate the crystal structure, chemical bonding configuration, micromorphology, and ORR electrocatalytic performance of the as-prepared materials. Meanwhile, Mg–air battery evaluations are carried out in 3.5 wt.% aqueous NaCl electrolyte. The results reveal that the Mo2C MXene backbone is well retained. Phosphorus doping is confined to surface modification and is accompanied by the formation of P–O and P–C bonds. The stacked lamellar architecture undergoes surface reconstruction, generating a uniform particulate morphology. The ORR electrocatalytic activity exhibits a volcano-type trend with phosphidation temperature, and Mo2C@P-350 achieves the highest limiting diffusion current density of 2.87 mA cm−2. The Mg–air battery assembled with Mo2C@P-350 delivers outstanding and stable discharge voltages of 1.19 V at 5 mA cm−2 and 1.13 V at 10 mA cm−2, along with optimal rate capability. This work demonstrates that mild-temperature phosphidation represents a reliable surface-engineering strategy for constructing high-performance ORR electrocatalysts.
SN  - 2079-4991
ER  -