PhyloZoo: a unified framework for phylogenetic network analysis in Python.
- 1Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Abstract
Summary
Reticulate evolutionary processes (events in which lineages merge, such as hybridization, recombination, and horizontal gene transfer) are widespread across nature but cannot be represented by phylogenetic trees alone. Phylogenetic networks have therefore become an important modelling tool, yet existing software is typically tied to specific inference paradigms and provides limited support for working with multiple network representations in a unified and programmable environment. PhyloZoo is an open-source Python framework that lowers the barrier to developing practical, easy-to-use software for phylogenetic network analysis. It provides data structures and algorithms covering the main representations used in the field, together with dedicated visualization tools and robust I/O for all major phylogenetic file formats. A particular emphasis lies on semi-directed phylogenetic networks, which explicitly represent root uncertainty and have so far received limited support in existing software. By offering a shared, scalable foundation for developing interoperable tools and a combinatorial layer that supports computational proofs and theoretical exploration, PhyloZoo enables reproducible workflows for applied, methodological, and theoretical studies of reticulate evolution.Availability and implementation
PhyloZoo is implemented in Python and installable from PyPI, with source code, documentation, and examples available at https://github.com/nholtgrefe/phylozoo.
Versions
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BibTeX
@article{holtgrefe2026phylozoo,
title = {{PhyloZoo: a unified framework for phylogenetic network analysis in Python.}},
author = {Niels Holtgrefe},
journal = {Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btag748},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42853077},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - PhyloZoo: a unified framework for phylogenetic network analysis in Python.
AU - Niels Holtgrefe
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)
DO - 10.1093/bioinformatics/btag748
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42853077
AB - Summary Reticulate evolutionary processes (events in which lineages merge, such as hybridization, recombination, and horizontal gene transfer) are widespread across nature but cannot be represented by phylogenetic trees alone. Phylogenetic networks have therefore become an important modelling tool, yet existing software is typically tied to specific inference paradigms and provides limited support for working with multiple network representations in a unified and programmable environment. PhyloZoo is an open-source Python framework that lowers the barrier to developing practical, easy-to-use software for phylogenetic network analysis. It provides data structures and algorithms covering the main representations used in the field, together with dedicated visualization tools and robust I/O for all major phylogenetic file formats. A particular emphasis lies on semi-directed phylogenetic networks, which explicitly represent root uncertainty and have so far received limited support in existing software. By offering a shared, scalable foundation for developing interoperable tools and a combinatorial layer that supports computational proofs and theoretical exploration, PhyloZoo enables reproducible workflows for applied, methodological, and theoretical studies of reticulate evolution.Availability and implementation PhyloZoo is implemented in Python and installable from PyPI, with source code, documentation, and examples available at https://github.com/nholtgrefe/phylozoo.
SN - 1367-4803
SN - 1367-4811
ER -