Lignin–Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Matrix for Chlorzoxazone Loading and Release: Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Characterization
5 affiliations
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- 2Laboratory 5 Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- 3Department of the Physical Chemistry of Polymers “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- 4Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, 73 Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron, Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- 5Department of Functional and Morphological Science, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea De Jos University, 800008 Galati, Romania
Abstract
Chlorzoxazone (CLZ) is a poorly water-soluble drug whose formulation may benefit from carrier systems capable of drug incorporation and controlled release. This study investigated an epichlorohydrin (ECH)-mediated lignin–hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (LIG/HP-β-CD) matrix for CLZ loading and release and evaluated its physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial characteristics. The resulting material was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), while CLZ release was evaluated using kinetic models. The experimentally determined CLZ loading was 41.8 mg/g, corresponding to a loading efficiency of 20.9% relative to the initially added drug. After 180 min, the cumulative amount released reached 29.81 mg/g, corresponding to 71.32% of the loaded CLZ. The release profile was adequately described by the Weibull model (R2 = 0.99394), which provided a useful empirical description of the observed release behavior. FTIR analysis showed changes in the relative contributions of oxygen-containing functional-group regions after modification, while TG/DTG demonstrated an altered thermal profile of the CLZ-loaded material compared with the individual components; these findings were interpreted as supportive rather than definitive evidence of drug–matrix interactions. DPPH radical-scavenging activity was 41.82 ± 1.07% for LIG and 50.32 ± 1.05% for LCD–CLZ; however, because the samples were tested at different concentrations, these values were not interpreted as demonstrating an intrinsic enhancement of antioxidant potency. Under the agar-diffusion conditions, LCD–CLZ produced measurable inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, whereas no effective inhibition was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, the results support further investigation of the LIG/HP-β-CD matrix as a potential platform for CLZ loading and release, while additional structural, biocompatibility, and formulation-specific studies are required before pharmaceutical application can be established.
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BibTeX
@article{creteanu2026ligninhydroxypropylβcyclodextrin,
title = {{Lignin–Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Matrix for Chlorzoxazone Loading and Release: Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Characterization}},
author = {Andreea Creteanu and Narcis Anghel and Cornelia Vasile and Gabriela Lisa and Claudiu N. Lungu and Graţiela Popa},
journal = {Polymers},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/polym18192429},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666809},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Lignin–Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Matrix for Chlorzoxazone Loading and Release: Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Characterization
AU - Andreea Creteanu
AU - Narcis Anghel
AU - Cornelia Vasile
AU - Gabriela Lisa
AU - Claudiu N. Lungu
AU - Graţiela Popa
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Polymers
DO - 10.3390/polym18192429
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666809
AB - Chlorzoxazone (CLZ) is a poorly water-soluble drug whose formulation may benefit from carrier systems capable of drug incorporation and controlled release. This study investigated an epichlorohydrin (ECH)-mediated lignin–hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (LIG/HP-β-CD) matrix for CLZ loading and release and evaluated its physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial characteristics. The resulting material was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), while CLZ release was evaluated using kinetic models. The experimentally determined CLZ loading was 41.8 mg/g, corresponding to a loading efficiency of 20.9% relative to the initially added drug. After 180 min, the cumulative amount released reached 29.81 mg/g, corresponding to 71.32% of the loaded CLZ. The release profile was adequately described by the Weibull model (R2 = 0.99394), which provided a useful empirical description of the observed release behavior. FTIR analysis showed changes in the relative contributions of oxygen-containing functional-group regions after modification, while TG/DTG demonstrated an altered thermal profile of the CLZ-loaded material compared with the individual components; these findings were interpreted as supportive rather than definitive evidence of drug–matrix interactions. DPPH radical-scavenging activity was 41.82 ± 1.07% for LIG and 50.32 ± 1.05% for LCD–CLZ; however, because the samples were tested at different concentrations, these values were not interpreted as demonstrating an intrinsic enhancement of antioxidant potency. Under the agar-diffusion conditions, LCD–CLZ produced measurable inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, whereas no effective inhibition was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, the results support further investigation of the LIG/HP-β-CD matrix as a potential platform for CLZ loading and release, while additional structural, biocompatibility, and formulation-specific studies are required before pharmaceutical application can be established.
SN - 2073-4360
ER -