Plasma-Activated Water Dipping of Fresh-Cut Eruca sativa: An Extended Investigation of the Glucosinolate-Myrosinase System and Cellular Responses.
- 1Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
- 2Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
- 3Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy.
Abstract
Plasma-Activated Water (PAW) is an emerging non-thermal technology with potential applications in fresh-cut vegetable preservation. The present study investigated the effect of PAW dipping on the glucosinolate-myrosinase system of rocket salad (Eruca sativa) and on selected cellular responses in human Caco-2 cells. Leaves were dipped in PAW for 20 min (PAW-20) or in untreated water (UT). Glucosinolates (GLSs) and their corresponding isothiocyanates (ITCs) were determined by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS, while myrosinase activity was assessed in crude enzyme extracts. Caco-2 cells were exposed to extracts derived from PAW-20 or UT rocket leaf samples. Instrumental analyses revealed higher levels of the precursor GLSs, glucoerucin and glucoraphanin, in the PAW-20 sample compared with the UT one, whereas the corresponding ITCs, erucin and sulforaphane, were present at lower levels despite no detectable differences in myrosinase activity. In Caco-2 cells, PAW-20-derived leaf extracts induced the upregulation of the mRNA levels of specific UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), while no significant modulation of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) or the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA levels was observed. Moreover, only minor changes were detected in inflammation-related target genes. Overall, under the experimental conditions tested, PAW treatment was associated with changes in the glucosinolate-isothiocyanate balance in rocket leaf extracts and with selective modulation of phase II detoxification gene expression in Caco-2 cells.
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BibTeX
@article{lolli2026plasmaactivated,
title = {{Plasma-Activated Water Dipping of Fresh-Cut Eruca sativa: An Extended Investigation of the Glucosinolate-Myrosinase System and Cellular Responses.}},
author = {Veronica Lolli and Salihu Mohammed and Luca Calani and Silvia Tappi and Pietro Rocculi and Massimiliano Rinaldi and Ileana Ramazzina},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/foods15193565},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883669},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Plasma-Activated Water Dipping of Fresh-Cut Eruca sativa: An Extended Investigation of the Glucosinolate-Myrosinase System and Cellular Responses.
AU - Veronica Lolli
AU - Salihu Mohammed
AU - Luca Calani
AU - Silvia Tappi
AU - Pietro Rocculi
AU - Massimiliano Rinaldi
AU - Ileana Ramazzina
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/08
JO - Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
DO - 10.3390/foods15193565
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883669
AB - Plasma-Activated Water (PAW) is an emerging non-thermal technology with potential applications in fresh-cut vegetable preservation. The present study investigated the effect of PAW dipping on the glucosinolate-myrosinase system of rocket salad (Eruca sativa) and on selected cellular responses in human Caco-2 cells. Leaves were dipped in PAW for 20 min (PAW-20) or in untreated water (UT). Glucosinolates (GLSs) and their corresponding isothiocyanates (ITCs) were determined by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS, while myrosinase activity was assessed in crude enzyme extracts. Caco-2 cells were exposed to extracts derived from PAW-20 or UT rocket leaf samples. Instrumental analyses revealed higher levels of the precursor GLSs, glucoerucin and glucoraphanin, in the PAW-20 sample compared with the UT one, whereas the corresponding ITCs, erucin and sulforaphane, were present at lower levels despite no detectable differences in myrosinase activity. In Caco-2 cells, PAW-20-derived leaf extracts induced the upregulation of the mRNA levels of specific UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), while no significant modulation of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) or the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA levels was observed. Moreover, only minor changes were detected in inflammation-related target genes. Overall, under the experimental conditions tested, PAW treatment was associated with changes in the glucosinolate-isothiocyanate balance in rocket leaf extracts and with selective modulation of phase II detoxification gene expression in Caco-2 cells.
SN - 2304-8158
ER -