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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0The European Physical Journal C

Testing black holes with interstellar missions: II. Flyby probes

  • Yi Fan1
  • Cosimo Bambi1,2
  • Leda Gao1
  • Abdurakhmon Nosirov1,3
  • Andrea Santangelo1,3
  1. 1Fudan University
  2. 2New Uzbekistan University
  3. 3Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen
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Abstract

Recently, we demonstrated that while an interstellar mission to the nearest black hole remains highly speculative and extraordinarily challenging, it is not entirely implausible within the coming decades. Given that such a mission would likely take about a 100 years and require substantial financial and human investment, it is essential to assess whether it could investigate black holes and test General Relativity to a degree that cannot be achieved by Solar System observatories for the foreseeable future. In Paper I, we assumed the capability to decelerate the spacecraft and presented a preliminary study of how orbiting probes could test the nature of the compact object. In this second paper, we study how the black hole can be tested without decelerating the spacecraft, using flyby probes.

Versions

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{fan2026testing,
  title = {{Testing black holes with interstellar missions: II. Flyby probes}},
  author = {Yi Fan and Cosimo Bambi and Leda Gao and Abdurakhmon Nosirov and Andrea Santangelo},
  journal = {The European Physical Journal C},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16376-7},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16376-7},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Testing black holes with interstellar missions: II. Flyby probes
AU  - Yi Fan
AU  - Cosimo Bambi
AU  - Leda Gao
AU  - Abdurakhmon Nosirov
AU  - Andrea Santangelo
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/21
JO  - The European Physical Journal C
DO  - 10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16376-7
UR  - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16376-7
AB  - Recently, we demonstrated that while an interstellar mission to the nearest black hole remains highly speculative and extraordinarily challenging, it is not entirely implausible within the coming decades. Given that such a mission would likely take about a 100 years and require substantial financial and human investment, it is essential to assess whether it could investigate black holes and test General Relativity to a degree that cannot be achieved by Solar System observatories for the foreseeable future. In Paper I, we assumed the capability to decelerate the spacecraft and presented a preliminary study of how orbiting probes could test the nature of the compact object. In this second paper, we study how the black hole can be tested without decelerating the spacecraft, using flyby probes.
SN  - 1434-6044
SN  - 1434-6052
ER  -