No convergence in three decades: national trajectories of episode-fatality ratios for childhood lower respiratory infections in 204 countries, 1990-2023
- 1National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Abstract
BackgroundLower respiratory infections (LRI) remain the leading infectious cause of death in children, and survival once ill is a direct tracer of health-system quality. Whether countries are converging toward the best survival performance achieved within their own region has never been tested at national level. We measured each countrys distance to an empirical episode-fatality-ratio (EFR) frontier in 204 countries from 1990 to 2023.
MethodsFor each country and year we computed EFR = LRI deaths/incident episodes using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 estimates for ages 0-19 years. Deaths span the full 1990-2023 series; episodes are observed for 1990, 2019 and 2023, with intermediate years linearly interpolated. The frontier was the 10th-percentile country EFR within each GBD super-region and year (sensitivity: 5th and 25th percentiles); the gap = EFR_country/EFR_frontier. We classified 33-year gap trajectories into catch-up phenotypes, ranked COVID-window (2019-2023) movers, cross-tabulated gap against avoidable deaths to build a priority list, and benchmarked upper respiratory infections (URI) at three time points as a near-zero-fatality contrast.
FindingsThe median countrys gap was 1.86 in 1990, 1.80 in 2019 and 1.86 in 2023; the share of countries more than twice their regional frontier was 44.6% in 1990 and 46.6% in 2023. Of 137 eligible countries, 67 narrowed and 69 widened their gap, with one unchanged. Nineteen countries achieved sustained catch-up, concentrated in North Africa and the Middle East (7) and Latin America (5), with China closing from 2.43 to 0.50, below its regional frontier; 28 countries regressed, led by Central Asia (Uzbekistan x3.5) and including the United States (x2.0). Over the COVID-19 window the median gap peaked at 2.00 in 2021 (+10.8% versus 2019, from unrounded medians) before returning to 1.86. Combining gap with avoidable deaths identifies two distinct policy problems: high-burden, moderate-gap giants (Nigeria 67,490 avoidable deaths, gap 2.4; India 54,109, gap 1.6) and extreme-gap outliers (Uzbekistan, gap 28.6). The Sub-Saharan Africa frontier fell further behind the High-income frontier (ratio 4.2 in 1990, 9.5 in 2023); the median Sub-Saharan African country sits 11.0 times the global 10th-percentile frontier but only 1.78 times its own regional frontier, so within-region benchmarking understates the regions true distance. URI gaps likewise did not converge (median 4.15 to 4.60).
InterpretationConvergence toward the survival frontier is not the default national trajectory: over three decades the typical country made no net progress toward the best decile of its own region, and pandemic-era divergence was only partly reversed. National gap trajectories separate system-wide quality shortfalls from extreme outliers warranting audit, and expose a measurement trap in which regions whose frontiers stagnate appear closer to best practice than they are.
FundingBeijing Science and Technology Nova Program Interdisciplinary Project (20230484439).
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BibTeX
@misc{li2026convergence,
title = {{No convergence in three decades: national trajectories of episode-fatality ratios for childhood lower respiratory infections in 204 countries, 1990-2023}},
author = {D. Li and Q. Feng and H. Chen and J. Li and X. Wang and C. Shen},
howpublished = {medRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.01.26361942},
url = {https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.01.26361942v1},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - No convergence in three decades: national trajectories of episode-fatality ratios for childhood lower respiratory infections in 204 countries, 1990-2023
AU - D. Li
AU - Q. Feng
AU - H. Chen
AU - J. Li
AU - X. Wang
AU - C. Shen
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/01
PB - medRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.09.01.26361942
UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.01.26361942v1
AB - BackgroundLower respiratory infections (LRI) remain the leading infectious cause of death in children, and survival once ill is a direct tracer of health-system quality. Whether countries are converging toward the best survival performance achieved within their own region has never been tested at national level. We measured each countrys distance to an empirical episode-fatality-ratio (EFR) frontier in 204 countries from 1990 to 2023. MethodsFor each country and year we computed EFR = LRI deaths/incident episodes using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 estimates for ages 0-19 years. Deaths span the full 1990-2023 series; episodes are observed for 1990, 2019 and 2023, with intermediate years linearly interpolated. The frontier was the 10th-percentile country EFR within each GBD super-region and year (sensitivity: 5th and 25th percentiles); the gap = EFR_country/EFR_frontier. We classified 33-year gap trajectories into catch-up phenotypes, ranked COVID-window (2019-2023) movers, cross-tabulated gap against avoidable deaths to build a priority list, and benchmarked upper respiratory infections (URI) at three time points as a near-zero-fatality contrast. FindingsThe median countrys gap was 1.86 in 1990, 1.80 in 2019 and 1.86 in 2023; the share of countries more than twice their regional frontier was 44.6% in 1990 and 46.6% in 2023. Of 137 eligible countries, 67 narrowed and 69 widened their gap, with one unchanged. Nineteen countries achieved sustained catch-up, concentrated in North Africa and the Middle East (7) and Latin America (5), with China closing from 2.43 to 0.50, below its regional frontier; 28 countries regressed, led by Central Asia (Uzbekistan x3.5) and including the United States (x2.0). Over the COVID-19 window the median gap peaked at 2.00 in 2021 (+10.8% versus 2019, from unrounded medians) before returning to 1.86. Combining gap with avoidable deaths identifies two distinct policy problems: high-burden, moderate-gap giants (Nigeria 67,490 avoidable deaths, gap 2.4; India 54,109, gap 1.6) and extreme-gap outliers (Uzbekistan, gap 28.6). The Sub-Saharan Africa frontier fell further behind the High-income frontier (ratio 4.2 in 1990, 9.5 in 2023); the median Sub-Saharan African country sits 11.0 times the global 10th-percentile frontier but only 1.78 times its own regional frontier, so within-region benchmarking understates the regions true distance. URI gaps likewise did not converge (median 4.15 to 4.60). InterpretationConvergence toward the survival frontier is not the default national trajectory: over three decades the typical country made no net progress toward the best decile of its own region, and pandemic-era divergence was only partly reversed. National gap trajectories separate system-wide quality shortfalls from extreme outliers warranting audit, and expose a measurement trap in which regions whose frontiers stagnate appear closer to best practice than they are. FundingBeijing Science and Technology Nova Program Interdisciplinary Project (20230484439).
ER -