Integrating 3D-printed sclero-corneal models into Rigid Gas Permeable contact lens training: A pilot study
- 1Department of Applied physics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
Abstract
Purpose: Rigid gas permeable contact lenses provide excellent optical quality and oxygen permeability, but their fitting process is complex. Traditional teaching methods, such as student-to-student practice, present limitations regarding safety and corneal geometry diversity. A kit of 3D-printed Sclero-Corneal Surfaces (SCSs) has been proposed as a hybrid tool combining hands-on lens manipulation with the flexibility and geometry diversity of simulations. This study evaluated the viability of these artificial SCSs for rigid gas permeable contact lenses training and used questionnaires to assess students’ perceptions, as well as learning gains in fluorescein pattern interpretation. Methods: Optometry students were assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. Both groups first practiced corneal contact lens fittings on peers and completed two questionnaires: one evaluating their initial expectations and concerns related to the fittings, and a second assessing their baseline knowledge level. The experimental group then performed fittings using only the artificial models and completed an additional questionnaire examining perceived pedagogical benefits. Finally, all students repeated the knowledge questionnaire. Responses were analyzed using McNemar tests (p < 0.05) to evaluate changes in perceptions, confidence, and knowledge before and after the training. Results: After real eye practice, the experimental group perceived fluorescein interpretation and lens adjustment as the most challenging tasks, while ocular discomfort was cited as a demotivating factor. After the SCSs session, over 90% of the experimental group found the new method realistic, more than 80% valued the absence of patient discomfort, and 100% of students highlighted the improved understanding of fittings dynamics. Although the knowledge questionnaire showed no statistically significant differences between groups, both reached comparable levels of proficiency. Conclusions: Artificial SCSs provide a safe, engaging, and complementary approach to traditional RGP-CL training, enabling more fittings in less time without ocular risk and effectively bridging theoretical knowledge with clinical practice.
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BibTeX
@article{zardoya2026integrating,
title = {{Integrating 3D-printed sclero-corneal models into Rigid Gas Permeable contact lens training: A pilot study}},
author = {Nerea Tolón Zardoya and Diana Gargallo Yebra and Jorge Ares García and Francisco J. Ávila Gómez and M. Carmen Lopez de la Fuente and Francisco J. Segura Calvo and M. Concepción Marcellan Vidosa},
journal = {PLOS One},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0357490},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357490},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Integrating 3D-printed sclero-corneal models into Rigid Gas Permeable contact lens training: A pilot study
AU - Nerea Tolón Zardoya
AU - Diana Gargallo Yebra
AU - Jorge Ares García
AU - Francisco J. Ávila Gómez
AU - M. Carmen Lopez de la Fuente
AU - Francisco J. Segura Calvo
AU - M. Concepción Marcellan Vidosa
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/09
JO - PLOS One
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0357490
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357490
AB - Purpose: Rigid gas permeable contact lenses provide excellent optical quality and oxygen permeability, but their fitting process is complex. Traditional teaching methods, such as student-to-student practice, present limitations regarding safety and corneal geometry diversity. A kit of 3D-printed Sclero-Corneal Surfaces (SCSs) has been proposed as a hybrid tool combining hands-on lens manipulation with the flexibility and geometry diversity of simulations. This study evaluated the viability of these artificial SCSs for rigid gas permeable contact lenses training and used questionnaires to assess students’ perceptions, as well as learning gains in fluorescein pattern interpretation. Methods: Optometry students were assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. Both groups first practiced corneal contact lens fittings on peers and completed two questionnaires: one evaluating their initial expectations and concerns related to the fittings, and a second assessing their baseline knowledge level. The experimental group then performed fittings using only the artificial models and completed an additional questionnaire examining perceived pedagogical benefits. Finally, all students repeated the knowledge questionnaire. Responses were analyzed using McNemar tests (p < 0.05) to evaluate changes in perceptions, confidence, and knowledge before and after the training. Results: After real eye practice, the experimental group perceived fluorescein interpretation and lens adjustment as the most challenging tasks, while ocular discomfort was cited as a demotivating factor. After the SCSs session, over 90% of the experimental group found the new method realistic, more than 80% valued the absence of patient discomfort, and 100% of students highlighted the improved understanding of fittings dynamics. Although the knowledge questionnaire showed no statistically significant differences between groups, both reached comparable levels of proficiency. Conclusions: Artificial SCSs provide a safe, engaging, and complementary approach to traditional RGP-CL training, enabling more fittings in less time without ocular risk and effectively bridging theoretical knowledge with clinical practice.
SN - 1932-6203
ER -