Structural Engineering Modulation of Metal Sulfide Photocatalysts from Charge Regulation Mechanisms to Practical Applications
- 1Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- 2School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
Abstract
Metal sulfide semiconductors have attracted considerable attention in solar-driven energy conversion and environmental remediation because of their strong visible-light response, tunable electronic structures, and abundant surface-active sites. Nevertheless, further improvements in their photocatalytic performance remain constrained by rapid charge-carrier recombination, photocorrosion, insufficient reaction selectivity, and limited operational stability under practical conditions. Existing reviews have largely focused on specific sulfide materials, individual photocatalytic reactions, or a single structural-regulation strategy, whereas the intrinsic relationships among material composition, structural engineering, charge-carrier dynamics, and application requirements have not been systematically examined. Following the conceptual framework of “material composition–structural regulation–charge-carrier dynamics–reaction pathways–engineering applications,” this review provides a systematic overview of the design principles and application advances of metal sulfide photocatalysts. First, the crystal structures, band characteristics, surface-active sites, and photocorrosion behavior of different classes of metal sulfides are analyzed to clarify how their intrinsic properties govern catalytic processes. The effects of morphology engineering, defect regulation, compositional optimization, interface construction, and cocatalyst modification on light absorption, charge transport, and surface reaction kinetics are then discussed, with particular attention to how these strategies balance activity enhancement and stability retention. The distinctive features of metal sulfides in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, biomass photoreforming, CO2 reduction, H2O2 synthesis, pollutant degradation, and photoelectrochemical sensing are further summarized, revealing the distinct requirements of different reaction systems for electronic structures and active sites. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are discussed in terms of mechanistic reliability, material stability, adaptability to realistic systems, and sustainable development. This review aims to establish an application-oriented framework for the rational design of metal sulfide photocatalysts and to provide a theoretical basis for developing efficient, stable, and sustainable photocatalytic systems.
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BibTeX
@article{bai2026structural,
title = {{Structural Engineering Modulation of Metal Sulfide Photocatalysts from Charge Regulation Mechanisms to Practical Applications}},
author = {Guangteng Bai and Xi Luo and Zhao Mo and Xu Liu and Zaiyong Jiang and Xianglin Zhu},
journal = {Molecules},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/molecules31203666},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3666},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Structural Engineering Modulation of Metal Sulfide Photocatalysts from Charge Regulation Mechanisms to Practical Applications
AU - Guangteng Bai
AU - Xi Luo
AU - Zhao Mo
AU - Xu Liu
AU - Zaiyong Jiang
AU - Xianglin Zhu
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Molecules
DO - 10.3390/molecules31203666
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3666
AB - Metal sulfide semiconductors have attracted considerable attention in solar-driven energy conversion and environmental remediation because of their strong visible-light response, tunable electronic structures, and abundant surface-active sites. Nevertheless, further improvements in their photocatalytic performance remain constrained by rapid charge-carrier recombination, photocorrosion, insufficient reaction selectivity, and limited operational stability under practical conditions. Existing reviews have largely focused on specific sulfide materials, individual photocatalytic reactions, or a single structural-regulation strategy, whereas the intrinsic relationships among material composition, structural engineering, charge-carrier dynamics, and application requirements have not been systematically examined. Following the conceptual framework of “material composition–structural regulation–charge-carrier dynamics–reaction pathways–engineering applications,” this review provides a systematic overview of the design principles and application advances of metal sulfide photocatalysts. First, the crystal structures, band characteristics, surface-active sites, and photocorrosion behavior of different classes of metal sulfides are analyzed to clarify how their intrinsic properties govern catalytic processes. The effects of morphology engineering, defect regulation, compositional optimization, interface construction, and cocatalyst modification on light absorption, charge transport, and surface reaction kinetics are then discussed, with particular attention to how these strategies balance activity enhancement and stability retention. The distinctive features of metal sulfides in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, biomass photoreforming, CO2 reduction, H2O2 synthesis, pollutant degradation, and photoelectrochemical sensing are further summarized, revealing the distinct requirements of different reaction systems for electronic structures and active sites. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are discussed in terms of mechanistic reliability, material stability, adaptability to realistic systems, and sustainable development. This review aims to establish an application-oriented framework for the rational design of metal sulfide photocatalysts and to provide a theoretical basis for developing efficient, stable, and sustainable photocatalytic systems.
SN - 1420-3049
ER -